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功能化离子液体催化碳-杂键形成反应
Task-Specific Ionic Liquids Catalyzed Carbon-Heteroatom Bond Formation Reactions
离子液体独特的溶剂性能使它在合成和催化领域得到了广泛的应用。然而, 离子液体的经济问题和可能的环境友好性问题使得人们逐渐把目光投向了离子液体自身的催化性能。人们通过对离子液体结构的修饰设计出了各种具有特定催化性能的功能化离子液体。近年来功能化离子液体在催化碳-杂键形成反应方面有了相当多的应用。本文以形成的碳-杂原子键类型为主线, 综述了功能化离子液体在催化碳-杂键形成反应方面的最新研究进展, 涉及到了酸性离子液体、碱性离子液体、金属有机功能化离子液体、酸碱双功能离子液体、手性离子液体等多种类型的功能化离子液体。
Ionic liquids have emerged as excellent solvents for synthesis and catalysis in the past decades due to their special properties. However, their relatively high cost and potential risks to human health and environment make their function as catalysts rather than solvents more popular. Incorporating specific functional group(s) into one or both ions of ionic liquids to make them catalytic is highly important. Numerous so-called task-specific or functionalized ionic liquids are designed and successfully applied in catalyzing various reactions. In this review, we present the latest achievements in the carbon-heteroatom bond formation reactions catalyzed by task-specific ionic liquids. The contents are arranged according to the specific types of carbon-heteroatom bond formation reactions. As for the type of task-specific ionic liquids, this review focuses on acidic ionic liquids, basic ionic liquids, organometallic ionic liquids, acid-base bifunctional ionic liquids and chiral ionic liquids. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Formation of carbon-oxygen bonds
2.1 Formation of esters
2.2 Formation of ethers
2.3 Protection of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups
2.4 Oxidation of olefins
2.5 Related carbonylation reactions
2.6 Synthesis of oxygen-containing heterocycles
3 Formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds
3.1 Formation of β-amino carbonyl compounds
3.2 Formation of amides
3.3 Formation of carbon-nitrogen double bonds
3.4 N-Alkylation reaction
3.5 Hydroamination reaction
3.6 Protection of amino groups
3.7 Nitration reaction
3.8 Asymmetric aza Diels-Alder reaction
3.9 Related carbonylation reactions
3.10 Synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles
4 Formation of other carbon-heteroatom bonds
4.1 Formation of carbon-sulfur bonds
4.2 Formation of carbon-halogen bonds
5 Conclusion and outlook
ionic liquids
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