功能分子在贵金属纳米晶催化剂形状控制合成中的作用机理

陈德皓; 徐常登; 刘子立; 陈玲; 甄春花; 孙世刚

doi:10.7536/PC130124

化学进展 ›› 2013, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (10) :1667-1680 DOI: 10.7536/PC130124

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功能分子在贵金属纳米晶催化剂形状控制合成中的作用机理

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Mechanism of Functional Molecules in Shape-Control Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanocrystal Catalysts

Chen Dehao¹, Xu Changdeng², Liu Zili¹, Chen Ling¹, Zhen Chunhua¹, Sun Shigang^1,2

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摘要

金属纳米晶催化剂(简称金属纳米催化剂)广泛应用于化学、能源等现代工业。铂等稀贵金属目前仍然是燃料电池等领域不可替代的催化剂材料,进一步提高金属催化剂的性能和利用率一直是重大挑战。金属的表面结构取决于晶体的形状。因此,形状控制合成可有效地调控金属纳米晶催化剂的表面结构和性质,近年来得到了大量研究。功能分子(保护剂、稳定剂、表面活性剂、添加剂等)对金属纳米晶的形状控制合成具有重要作用,尤其是在湿化学法形状控制合成中。深入认识功能分子在形状控制合成中的作用机理,可为理性地设计和制备具有特定功能的纳米催化剂提供指导。功能分子通常是通过在纳米晶核特定晶面上优先吸附,或刻蚀某些特定的晶面,或者加速或抑制某些晶面的生长实现对纳米晶催化剂表面结构的调控。虽然通过结构控制合成的电化学法和湿化学法已经制备出大量不同表面结构的金属纳米晶催化剂,但是对功能分子作用机理的认识还远未深入。本文综述了近二十年金属纳米晶催化剂形状控制合成的进展,侧重阐述对功能分子作用机理的研究,总结了功能分子在金属纳米晶催化剂形状控制合成中优先吸附的重要作用机制,以及优化功能分子在纳米粒子形状控制合成中的一些基本策略。

Abstract

Metal nanocrystal catalysts (abr. metal nanocatalysts) are widely used in chemical and energy industries. The rare and precious metals as platinum are actually irreplaceable materials for catalysts, therefore to improve the activity and utilization efficiency of metal catalysts is always a challenge. Shape-control synthesis is an efficient way to tailor the surface structure of metal nanocrystal and therefore create particular functions in catalysis. The functional molecules such as stabilizers, capping agents, surfactants and additives, etc., are indispensable in the shape-control synthesis, especially in the wet chemistry route. In order to rationally design and synthesize metal nanocatalysts with high activity, high selectivity and high stability, it is important to explicit the roles and mechanisms of functional agents in shape-control synthesis. The functional agents usually assist in shape-control synthesis of nanocrystals through preferential adsorption on specific crystal facets, or etching particular crystal planes, or accelerating/inhibiting certain crystal growth directions. Although a mass body of metal nanocrystals with different shape have been synthesized, the explicit roles and mechanism of functional molecules in the shape-control synthesis are poorly defined and a full understanding is still elusive. The current paper reviews mainly the recent progress made in studies of mechanism of functional molecules in shape-control synthesis of metal nanocatalysts in the last two decades. The mechanism of preferential adsorption of functional agents and some basic strategy of optimizing the use of functional molecules in shape control synthesis of noble metal nanocatalysts are summarized.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Shape-control synthesis of noble metal nanocrystal catalysts
2.1 Shape-control synthesis by electrochemical method
2.2 Shape-control synthesis by wet chemistry route
3 The role of functional molecules
3.1 Small molecules
3.2 Etching agents
3.3 Surfactants
3.4 Polymers
3.5 Biomolecules
4 Strategy of using functional molecules in shape-control synthesis of metal nanocatalysts
5 Conclusion and outlook

关键词

金属纳米晶催化剂 / 形状控制合成 / 功能分子

Key words

metal nanocatalysts / shape-control synthesis / functional molecules

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陈德皓, 徐常登, 刘子立, 陈玲, 甄春花, 孙世刚. 功能分子在贵金属纳米晶催化剂形状控制合成中的作用机理[J]. 化学进展, 2013, 25(10): 1667-1680 DOI:10.7536/PC130124

Chen Dehao, Xu Changdeng, Liu Zili, Chen Ling, Zhen Chunhua, Sun Shigang. Mechanism of Functional Molecules in Shape-Control Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanocrystal Catalysts[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2013, 25(10): 1667-1680 DOI:10.7536/PC130124

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Received	Published	Revised
2013-01-01	2013-11-12	2013-03-01
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2013-07-18

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