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水中金属纳米颗粒对细菌的光致毒性机理
Photoinduced Toxic Mechanism of Metallic Nanoparticles toward Bacteria in Water
金属纳米颗粒由于具有特殊的理化性质，被广泛应用于化学、光学和生物学等领域，使其在应用的过程中不可避免地释放到水体中。近年来，金属纳米颗粒对生态系统和人类健康造成了潜在危害，引起了日益广泛的关注。本文对目前水环境中存在的纳米颗粒的种类、来源、理化性质及金属纳米颗粒对细菌光致毒性的影响因素（光源波长、粒径大小、天然有机质和介质组分）进行了详细介绍，并通过有毒金属离子释放、活性氧自由基（羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和单线态氧）产生以及粒径变化等光化学现象，阐述了金属纳米颗粒物对细菌的光致毒性机理。最后总结了目前金属纳米颗粒在环境行为和光致毒性研究中面临的主要问题，并在此基础上提出将来金属纳米颗粒光致毒性的研究方向（如金属纳米颗粒的定量结构-活性关系，其他污染物与金属纳米颗粒的复合光致毒性效应等）。
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in the fields of chemistry, optics, and biology because of their unique physicochemical properties. The mass production and extensive applications of commercially manufactured NPs inevitably leads to NPs release into the aqueous environment and poses a risk to the ecosystem and human health accidentally or intentionally during production, distribution, use or disposal. The progress on the types, sources, and the physicochemical properties of NPs is critically reviewed in this work. In addition, the factors (i.e., light source wavelength, particle size, natural organic matter, and medium components) that influence the photoinduced toxicity of metallic NPs toward bacteria in the aqueous environments are also summarized. Under light irradiation conditions, metallic NPs can release toxic ions, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and change the particle size in the aqueous environment. However, whether the toxicity of metallic NPs toward the bacteria is owing to the released ions, photogenerated ROS (superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen), particle size change, or the combination of the three photochemical behaviors is still uncertain. Therefore the three photochemical behaviors of metallic NPs are critically reviewed to elucidate the possible mechanism of photoinduced toxicity toward the bacteria. Finally, the challenges and existing problems of environmental behavior of metallic NPs are listed and the direction for further research of photoinduced toxicity after metallic NPs entry into the aqueous environment are pointed out (such as quantitative structure-activity relationship of metallic NPs, the complex photoinduced toxic effect of metallic NPs and other pollutants).
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Influence factors for photoinduced toxicity of metallic nanoparticles to bacteria
2.1 Light source wavelength
2.2 Particle size
2.3 Natural organic matter
2.4 Medium component
2.5 Other factors
3 Photoinduced toxicity mechanisms of metallic nanoparticles to bacteria
3.1 Release of metal ions
3.2 Oxidative stress response
3.3 Size effect of metallic nanoparticles
4 Existing problems and perspectives
金属纳米颗粒
metallic nanoparticles
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