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三维有序大孔炭的设计构筑、性能及应用研究
Synthesis and Application of Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Carbon with Designed Pore Architecture
多孔炭材料具有高的比表面积、发达的孔结构、耐热、耐腐蚀、无毒无害、价廉、易操作等特点，以其为研究核心，在学术界和工业界均具有广阔的应用前景。通过胶晶模板法合成孔径在亚微米范围内的三维有序大孔炭，其高度规整的孔道结构，在吸附分离、催化和电极等领域已展现出巨大的应用潜能。利用双模板法将介孔结构融汇于三维有序大孔炭的孔壁中，设计构筑出三维有序大孔-介孔炭，势必会显著增强其应用价值。本文主要阐述了以胶晶为主体模板制备三维有序大孔炭的各种路径；采用双模板法将介孔引入大孔通道内获取三维有序大孔-介孔炭；探索影响孔结构参数的主要因素，并与各种功能材料复合增强其性能；着重对三维有序大孔炭及大孔-介孔炭在环境净化和新型能源转化与储备领域的应用进行概述。
Porous carbon materials have been widely studied due to their remarkable physicochemical properties, including the high specific surface area, extensively pore structure, good thermal stability, high corrosion resistance, easy handling and low cost of manufacture. In order to reap the full benets of designer porous carbons, it is necessary to develop controlled surface properties and structural ordering from fundamental and application point of view. Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) carbon materials, prepared by colloidal crystal templating (CCT) methods, using so-called hard templates, possess well-ordered periodicity and interconnected pore systems that are of interest for numerous applications, such as sorption and controlled release, catalysts and power sources. Recent breakthroughs have resulted in the development of CCT methods for the preparation of macro-mesoporous carbon by combining CCT with additional templating techniques. This review surveys literatures and highlights recent progress in the synthesis routes of 3DOM carbon by CCT methods, and the hierarchical pore structure by a dual-templating method. It discusses aspects of the main performance parameters, including the choice of colloidal particles, precursors, deposition techniques, and other necessary modications to enhance the functionality of 3DOM carbon materials, and puts emphasis on overviewing the applications in environmental purification and advanced energy conversion and storage.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Morphological control and structural design of 3DOM carbon materials
2.1 Microstructure
2.2 Macroscopic feature
3 Designing and constructing of 3DOM carbon materials
3.1 Hard templating pathways by colloidal crystal
3.2 Dual-templating methods
4 Key factors in the preparation of 3DOM carbon materials
4.1 Types of colloidal crystal templates
4.2 Types of carbon precursors
5 Application
5.1 Environmental purification
5.2 Advanced energy conversion and storage
6 Conclusion and outlook
胶晶模板
colloidal crystal templates
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