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混合基质水处理膜:材料、制备与性能
Mixed-Matrix Membranes for Water Treatment:Materials, Synthesis and Properties
以反渗透、纳滤为代表的膜技术已广泛应用于海水和苦咸水脱盐等水处理过程.通过将纳米颗粒添加到传统复合膜基质中,可以制备具有高分离性能和耐污染性的新型膜材料.混合基质膜结合了无机材料及有机聚合物各自的优点,是新型水处理膜材料的发展方向.本文综述了添加无机纳米颗粒的混合基质反渗透、纳滤及正渗透膜的研究进展,详细讨论了不同类型纳米材料的性质和功能,分析了表面有机改性对改善纳米材料分散性以及与聚合物基质相容性的作用,探讨了纳米材料添加方式和膜制备方法对膜结构和性能的影响.在此基础上,进一步探究了混合基质膜的成膜及分离机理,归纳了目前研究中存在的主要问题,并对未来水处理膜材料的研发方向提出了建议.
Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) are widely used in many water treatment processes, such as seawater and brackish water desalination. Membranes with improved separation performance and anti-fouling properties can be prepared by incorporating nanoparticles into membrane matrix. A number of nanomaterials can serve as potential water transport channels and modify the structure and surface properties of the membrane thin film layers. Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) can benefit from the high performance of both the organic matrix and inorganic fillers, which are believed to be the next generation of novel membrane materials. Recent advances of the nanoparticle-filled RO, NF and forward osmosis (FO) MMMs are reviewed in this paper. The effects of nanomaterials with various properties on membrane structure and separation performance are discussed, including zeolites, nanotubes, mesoporous materials, pure metal, metallic oxides, graphene oxide and aquaporin. The dispersibility of nanofillers in MMMs and their compatibility with polymer matrix can be improved by surface modification. Different methods of nanoparticle addition and membrane preparation are also illustrated in detail. Based on the analysis of the recent works, the membrane formation and separation mechanisms are explored and the main problems of membrane synthesis and application are summarized. Finally, the future development of RO, NF and FO MMMs for water treatment process is suggested.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Mixed-matrix reverse osmosis membranes
2.1 Different types of nanomaterials
2.2 Modification of nanomaterials
2.3 Adding methods of nanomaterials
3 Mixed-matrix nanofiltration membranes
3.1 Interfacial polymerization
3.2 Phase inversion
4 Mixed-matrix forward osmosis membranes
5 Conclusion and outlook
reverse osmosis
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