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骨架状聚氨酯海绵模板导向制备多级孔碳材料
Hierarchically Porous Carbon Materials Templated from Skeletonal Polyurethane Foam
多级孔结构碳材料具有结构多样、比表面积高、孔体积大和化学稳定性好等性质,不同尺度的孔道能协同发挥各自的传质优势,在吸附和分离、化学化工、靶向给药和能源储存等方面有独特表现并得到了广泛应用.近年来,国内外将聚氨酯海绵与其他尺度的模板剂相结合制备了许多不同结构的多级孔状碳质材料并应用到不同的领域.本文从多级孔碳材料的制备、结构和应用等角度综述了相关研究工作,并指出合成石墨化、各级孔道合理分配、孔壁薄和机械强度好的多级孔结构的碳材料仍面临诸多问题.
Carbon materials with multi-modal pore structures can integrate advantages of mciro-, meso- and/or macropores in mass transfer, besides their large specific surface area, large pore volume, excellent chemical stability and good electron conductivity. They are highly promising in applications such as electrochemical capacity, drug delivery, catalysis, adsorption, and separation due to these outstanding properties. Solid materials with different macrostructures including stacked silica and organic microspheres are often used as hard templates for synthesizing hierarchically porous carbon with various pore shapes and pore sizes. Besides these templates, commercial polyurethane foam with a tri-dimensionally interconnected cellular network, controllable porosity, and easy removal make it a competitive candidate as a skeleton template. It have been used as a sacrificial matrix for fabricating hierarchically porous materials including silica, ceramic, biological scaffold, nanocrystalline metal oxide, metal foam and nanocomposite. In this review, we present recent development in the fabrication and application of hierarchically porous carbons templated from polyurethane foam. The obtained carbons with monomodal or bimodal pore structure, which were prepared by introducing microporous or mesostructured template additionally, are cautiously classified for discussion in details. Their unique performances in applications of energy storage, catalysis reaction and large molecule separation are also briefly mentioned. Challenges in adjusting the ratio of pores in three scales, graphitizing, and enhancing the mechanical strengthen of carbons are still remained for further development. Some strategies aiming to the problems are also proposed.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of hierarchically porous carbon materials using polyurethane foam as a template
2.1 Macroporous carbon
2.2 Macro-mesoporous carbon
2.3 Micro-mesoporous carbon
2.4 Macro-microporous carbon
3 Conclusion
polyurethane foam
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