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二氧化硅的仿生矿化
Biomimetic Mineralization of Silica
自然界的进化赋予某些生物体在生理条件下制备复杂结构生物矿物的能力。它们复杂而多尺度有序的结构、特殊的功能以及物种特异的遗传控制特征远非当前的人工合成技术所能实现,因此,师法自然,仿生矿化成为先进材料制备的重要手段之一。研究发现,生物体中的有机基质在生物矿物的形成过程中起着至关重要的作用,例如从含有生物二氧化硅的硅藻、海绵骨针中分离得到的silaffins、长链聚胺,从海绵中提取的silicateins等,这些生物分子通过操纵有机-无机界面作用,从分子水平上控制无机矿物的成核与生长,从而使生物矿物具有特殊的分级结构和组装方式。人们设计或选用具有相似结构或功能的有机分子,模拟生物矿化过程,仿生制备了不同形态、结构和功能的二氧化硅纳米材料。本文以有机-无机界面作用为核心,以认识自然、学习自然、矿物合成及构型调控为主线,从生物二氧化硅的形成机制、仿生矿化的研究进展、应用概况进行了评述,指出了当前研究存在的问题及相应的解决思路,并对仿生矿化的前景进行了展望。
The course of evolution in nature endows some organisms with distinguished ability of constructing complex inorganic structures that have intricate and multi-scale ordered structures, special functionalities and species-specific genetic characteristics. Therefore, learning from nature and biomimetic mineralization become one of important approaches to advanced materials. Research on the biomineralization indicate that certain biomolecules play a key important role during the biosilica formation. For example, silaffins and long chain polyamine extracted from diatom and silicateins from sponges, control the nucleation and growth of silicious species at a molecular level by manipulating the interfacial interactions between organic molecules and inorganic species, and therefore result in the generation of biosilica with organized hierarchical structures. Simulating the biomineralization process, people have prepared silica nanomaterials with various morphologies, structures and properties based on the designed organic molecules during the recent decades. In this review, four sections are involved. Firstly, we introduce the results about the formation mechanism of biosilica including the identification of bioextracts and their functions, catalyzing and stabilizing mechanisms, morphology generation of biosilica. Secondly but importantly, we review the recent progress in biomimetic synthesis of silica. This content can also be divided into four units, bioextracts regulating biosilicification, artificial synthetic molecules mediating mineralization, external forces driving morphogenesis and tools in biomimetic mineralization. Thirdly, we introduc the potential application of biomimeticly synthesized silica in cell culture, drug and gene delivery system, catalysis, separation and detection, protecting biomolecules and functional materials construction. Finally, we point out the problems of the present researches and give some resolution, and then present some likely main research direction in this field.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Biomineralizing mechanisms
2.1 Extracts from biosilica
2.2 Catalyzing mechanism of organic molecules
2.3 Stabilizing mechanism of organic molecules
2.4 Regulation on structures and morphologies of silica
3 Biomimetic synthesis and structure regulation of silica
3.1 Biomimetic mineralization templated by bioextracts
3.2 Biomimetic mineralization mediated by artificial synthetic molecules
3.3 Environmental effects on biomimetic mineralization
3.4 Tools in biomimetic mineralization
4 Application of the biomimeticly synthesized silica
4.1 Scaffolds for cell culture
4.2 Separation, gene and drug delivery
4.3 Protection for biomolecules and catalytic center
4.4 Preparation of functional materials and catalysis
5 Problems and outlook
二氧化硅
silica
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