锂离子电池SiOx(0<x≤2)基负极材料

刘欣; 赵海雷; 解晶莹; 吕鹏鹏; 王可; 崔佳佳

doi:10.7536/PC141010

化学进展 ›› 2015, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (4) :336-348 DOI: 10.7536/PC141010

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锂离子电池SiO_x(0<x≤2)基负极材料

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SiO_x(0<x≤2) Based Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Liu Xin¹, Zhao Hailei*^1,3, Xie Jingying*^2,4, Lv Pengpeng¹, Wang Ke², Cui Jiajia⁴

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摘要

随着锂离子电池向电动汽车、可再生能源储能系统等大型应用领域发展,锂离子电池的能量密度、功率密度等性能指标需要进一步提高。在负极材料方面,传统的石墨碳负极材料的比容量有限,已经难以满足高能量密度电池的需求。以Si基材料为代表的新型高比容量负极材料受到了人们的广泛关注。其中,SiO_x材料在发挥高比容量的同时,具有相比纯Si更小的体积变化,因而在循环寿命方面更具实用潜力。本文对目前报道的SiO_x基负极材料的研究工作进行总结,系统阐述了SiO_x材料的基本电化学性能、结构模型、电化学机理及合成方法,分类介绍了改进SiO_x材料电化学性能的各类措施,并对其中SiO及无定形SiO₂材料进行了重点论述。研究表明,氧含量、歧化程度、表面状态等对SiO_x材料的电化学性能具有重要影响;界面团簇混合(ICM)结构模型可更好地对其电化学机理进行理解;通过与第二相(碳、金属、金属氧化物等)复合,造孔,表面改性(包覆、刻蚀等)及其他手段(改变粘结剂及电解液)可有效提升SiO_x基材料的首次库仑效率和循环性能;部分使用SiO_x基材料的全电池具有循环600次后容量保持率达90%的优秀循环性能。SiO_x基材料已成为一种在高比能量锂离子电池中极具应用潜力的负极材料。

Abstract

With rapidly growing application of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage, there is an increasing demand on high performance batteries in terms of energy density and power density. For anode materials, the traditional graphitized carbon materials cannot meet these requirements, novel high-capacity anode materials are being widely investigated, including Si-based materials. Among them, SiO_x is considered to be a promising anode material for the practical use because it can deliver a high capacity and at the same time produce relatively lower volume change upon cycling compared to pure silicon. This paper summarizes the published works on SiO_x-based anode materials. The basic electrochemical performance, structure model, electrochemical reaction mechanism and synthesis methods of SiO_x powders are systematically reviewed. Methods used to improve electrochemical performance are classified and introduced, emphasized on those of SiO and amorphous SiO₂. These works suggested that the oxygen content, disproportionation level and surface state of SiO_x have significant influence on the electrochemical performance of SiO_x. The interface clusters mixture (ICM) structural model can be used to better understand the nature of the electrochemical reaction processes of SiO_x. Introduction of second phase (carbon, metals, metal oxides, etc.), preparation of porous structure, surface modification and optimization of binder and electrolyte are proved to be effective methods to improve the coulombic efficiency and cycling performance of SiO_x electrode. Batteries with optimized SiO_x-based material showed good cycling stability with 90% capacity retention after 600 cycles. SiO_x-based composite is one of the best promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries with high energy density.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Properties of SiO_x material
2.1 Basic electrochemical performance
2.2 Structure
2.3 Mechanism of the electrochemical process
2.4 Synthesis methods
3 SiO_x-based materials
3.1 Compositing with second phase
3.2 Porous structured SiO_x
3.3 Surface modification
3.4 Other factors and issues
4 Conclusion and outlook

Graphical abstract

关键词

SiO_x / 无定形态 / 复合物 / 负极材料 / 锂离子电池

Key words

SiO_x / amorphous phase / composites / anode materials / lithium-ion batteries

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刘欣, 赵海雷, 解晶莹, 吕鹏鹏, 王可, 崔佳佳. 锂离子电池SiO_x(0<x≤2)基负极材料[J]. 化学进展, 2015, 27(4): 336-348 DOI:10.7536/PC141010

Liu Xin, Zhao Hailei, Xie Jingying, Lv Pengpeng, Wang Ke, Cui Jiajia. SiO_x(0<x≤2) Based Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2015, 27(4): 336-348 DOI:10.7536/PC141010

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