硅基锂离子电池负极材料

牛津, 张苏, 牛越, 宋怀河, 陈晓红, 周继升

doi:10.7536/PC150155

化学进展 ›› 2015, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (9) :1275-1290 DOI: 10.7536/PC150155

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硅基锂离子电池负极材料

牛津, 张苏, 牛越, 宋怀河, 陈晓红, 周继升

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Silicon-Based Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Niu Jin, Zhang Su, Niu Yue, Song Huaihe, Chen Xiaohong, Zhou Jisheng

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摘要

硅是目前已知比容量(4200 mAh ·g^-1)最高的锂离子电池负极材料,但由于其巨大的体积效应(> 300%),硅电极材料在充放电过程中会粉化而从集流体上剥落,使得活性物质与活性物质、活性物质与集流体之间失去电接触,同时不断形成新的固相电解质层(SEI),最终导致电化学性能的恶化。本文介绍了硅作为锂离子电池负极材料的储能及容量衰减机理,总结了通过硅材料的选择和结构设计来解决充放电过程中巨大体积效应的相关工作,并讨论了一些具有代表性的硅基复合材料的制备方法、电化学性能和相应机理,重点介绍了硅炭复合材料。另外,介绍了一些电极的处理方法和其提高硅基负极材料电化学性能的可能机理。最后,对硅基负极材料存在的问题进行了分析,并展望了其研究前景。

Abstract

Silicon has the highest theoretical capacity(4200 mAh ·g^-1) when used as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries. But the severe volume change(> 300%) during Li⁺insertion/extraction processes results in the structural destruction, which further leads to the loss of electrical contact between active materials themselves or active materials and the current collectors. Moreover, the new solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) continually forms on the surface of silicon. All of these problems cause capacity attenuation as well as the poor cycling and rate performance for silicon-based anode materials. In this review, the lithium-storage and capacity fading mechanisms of silicon-based materials for lithium-ion batteries are summarized. To overcome the severe volume change during charge/discharge, selection and structure design of silicon material are introduced. Synthetic routes, electrochemical performance and possible mechanisms of typical silicon-based composite materials, especially various silicon/carbon composite materials, are discussed. An overview of several novel fabrication techniques of the electrodes for improving the electrochemical performance of silicon-based anode materials and their possible mechanisms are given. Challenges and perspectives of silicon-based anode materials are also proposed and discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Lithium-storage and capacity fading mechanisms
3 Selection and structure design of silicon material
3.1 Amorphous silicon and silicon oxide
3.2 Low-dimensional silicon materials
3.3 Porous and hollow silicon materials
4 Fabrication of silicon-based composites
4.1 Silicon/metal composites
4.2 Silicon/carbon composites
4.3 Other silicon-based materials
5 Optimizing the preparation process of electrodes
5.1 Treatments of electrodes
5.2 Selection of current collectors
5.3 Choices of binders
5.4 Options of electrolyte
6 Conclusion and outlook

Graphical abstract

关键词

锂离子电池 / 负极材料 / 硅基材料

Key words

lithium-ion battery / anode material / silicon-based material

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牛津, 张苏, 牛越, 宋怀河, 陈晓红, 周继升. 硅基锂离子电池负极材料[J]. 化学进展, 2015, 27(9): 1275-1290 DOI:10.7536/PC150155

Niu Jin, Zhang Su, Niu Yue, Song Huaihe, Chen Xiaohong, Zhou Jisheng. Silicon-Based Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2015, 27(9): 1275-1290 DOI:10.7536/PC150155

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