外泌体:为高效药物投递策略提供天然的内源性纳米载体

李思迪; 侯信; 亓洪昭; 赵瑾; 原续波

doi:10.7536/PC150915

化学进展 ›› 2016, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (2/3) :353-362 DOI: 10.7536/PC150915

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外泌体:为高效药物投递策略提供天然的内源性纳米载体

李思迪, 侯信, 亓洪昭, 赵瑾*, 原续波

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Exosomes:Provide Naturally Occurring Endogenous Nanocarriers for Effective Drug Delivery Strategies

Li Sidi, Hou Xin, Qi Hongzhao, Zhao Jin*, Yuan Xubo

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摘要

在细胞通讯过程中,细胞分泌的大小在40~100 nm之间的外泌体具有负载"货物"并将其传递给靶细胞的能力。外泌体是细胞通讯重要的调节者,当疾病发生时,外泌体的组成会发生变化,在诊断和治疗方面均具有重要作用。外泌体作为药物的天然内源性载体具有独特优势,如其免疫原性低,在血液中的稳定性高,向细胞运输药物的效率高,和更强的增强渗透滞留效应(EPR)。目前,外泌体已经成功运载基因类药物、抗癌药物和抗炎症药物等其他类型药物。作为基因类药物载体,外泌体有助于同时提高转染效率和降低副作用。作为抗癌类和抗炎症类药物载体,外泌体可较好地保护药物免遭人体清除。本文按照外泌体负载"货物"的种类综述外泌体作为药物载体的最新进展,并简要讨论构建外泌体药物运输系统所需考虑的外泌体的来源、提纯方法、载药种类、载药方式以及载药系统的使用方式等关键因素对外泌体药物运输系统的影响,展望外泌体药物运输系统临床应用所面临的挑战和可能的解决途径。

Abstract

Nano-sized exosomes originated from cells with a diameter of 40~100 nm can carry and transport "cargo" in cell-to-cell communication. They are important mediators of intercellular communication and regulators of the cellular niche. Their altered characteristics in many diseases suggest their important roles in diseases diagnosis and therapy, thus prompting the idea of using exosomes as drug delivery vehicles. As naturally occurring endogenous carriers of drugs, exosomes have unique advantages such as limited immunogenicity, great stability in blood, high delivery efficiency, targeting ability, and the improvement of enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR). So far, genetic drugs, anticancer drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs and etc. have been successfully delivered by exosomes. In these cases, exosomes contribute to improving transfection efficiency of gene and reducing their side effects, as well as protecting therapeutic drugs from clearance by human bodies. This review covers the latest developments in the field of exosome-based drug delivery systems with regard to "cargo" species. Key components of exosome-based drug delivery system, such as the sources and purification methods of exosomes, choice of therapeutic cargo, loading methods, and administration routes are briefly discussed. At last, the challenges of exosomes as drug carriers in clinical practice are raised and the possible solutions are proposed.

Contents
1 Exosomes and their biofunction
2 Exosomes as drug carriers
2.1 Key components of exosomes as drug carriers
2.2 Exosomes as genetic drug carriers
2.3 Exosomes as anticancer drug carriers
2.4 Others
3 Conclusion and outlook

Graphical abstract

关键词

外泌体 / 药物运输 / 基因载体 / 抗肿瘤药物 / 抗炎症药物

Key words

exosome / drug delivery / genetic vector / anti-tumor drug / anti-inflammatory drug

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李思迪, 侯信, 亓洪昭, 赵瑾, 原续波. 外泌体:为高效药物投递策略提供天然的内源性纳米载体[J]. 化学进展, 2016, 28(2/3): 353-362 DOI:10.7536/PC150915

Li Sidi, Hou Xin, Qi Hongzhao, Zhao Jin, Yuan Xubo. Exosomes:Provide Naturally Occurring Endogenous Nanocarriers for Effective Drug Delivery Strategies[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2016, 28(2/3): 353-362 DOI:10.7536/PC150915

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