近年来，非球形贵金属纳米颗粒因其结构与性质的独特性，已越发受到研究人员的关注。其中，纳米金三角片结构具有各向异性的表面能与表面等离子体共振特性，对发展新一代光子学与电子学器件具有重要意义。然而，相比普通球形纳米粒子，纳米金三角片的可控合成具有更大的难度。通过近十几年的努力，无论是在提高纳米金三角片的质量还是产量上，都有了显著的进步。基于此，本文分别从纳米金三角片的合成方法、生长机理、分离纯化以及其性质与应用等方面作系统介绍，希望该新材料能获得更多的关注。随着自组装技术的发展，纳米金三角片将是非常具有优势的一种组装模块，希望其能在化学、材料等领域发挥更大的作用。
Colloidal metal nanoparticles are emerging as key materials because of their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) property and the enormous applications in catalysis, plasmonics, sensing, and photonics. Anisotropic nanoparticles have attracted increasing attention due to the novel and unusual chemical and physical behavior along with the decreased symmetry. In the case of the anisotropic nanoparticles, triangular gold nanoplates stand out owing to their unique shape and excellent LSPR properties, which is of great significance to develop a new generation of photonic and electronic devices. However, compared with the spherical nanoparticles, the controllable synthesis of triangular gold nanoplates is much more difficult. Therefore, numerous efforts have been put into their controlled synthesis and a variety of methods have been developed successfully, providing opportunities for the better use of this new material. In this review, we highlight the synthetic achievements, the shape-directing mechanism and separation methods of triangular gold nanoplates. We also address the recent breakthroughs of Au triangular structures in constructing anisotropic superlattices and taking advantage of their enhanced electromagnetic field for single-molecular fluorescence detection and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Finally, with the development of the self-assembly technology, we believe that Au triangular nanoplates are powerful building blocks for the bottom-up materials engineering and it will play a more important role in chemistry, materials and other fields.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of triangular nanoplates
2.1 Chemical or biological reduction methods
2.2 Microwave, ultrasound and light-assisted techniques
3 Mechanisms of crystal growth
4 Various separation methods
4.1 Separation by "bottom-up" method
4.2 Separation by "top-down" method
5 Properties and applications
6 Conclusion
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