随着新能源行业的迅速发展,锂因其独特的物化性质已被视为一种新的战略性能源,其需求量逐年递增,锂的提取分离技术也受到越来越多的关注。我国盐湖锂资源丰富,但因镁锂比高、分离难度大,目前尚未有效开发利用,开发适用于我国高镁锂比盐湖卤水的提锂分离技术,具有重要的研究价值和战略意义。本文综述了主要的盐湖提锂技术的研究现状,包括沉淀法、溶剂萃取法、离子筛吸附法、纳滤和电渗析技术等,探讨了各种技术方法的优势和特点,以及高镁锂比条件对分离效果的影响。近年来新兴的离子液体萃取剂和一价离子选择性交换膜电渗析技术也用于高镁锂比盐湖卤水提锂研究,这两种方法展现了良好的研究价值和应用前景,前者由于离子液体结构与功能的可设计性,具有开发高效提锂萃取剂的潜力,现有研究表明后者可以将初始镁锂比为150的模拟卤水降至8.0,锂回收率可达到95.3%。最后,对目前高镁锂比盐湖卤水提锂方法存在的问题和未来发展方向进行了总结与展望。
Lithium has been regarded as a new kind of strategic energy for its unique physicochemical property with the rapid development of the new energy industry. The demand for lithium increases every year and the lithium extraction and separation technology has attracted more and more interests. China is rich in lithium resource from salt lake brine, but it has not been exploited effectively due to the difficulty by high Mg/Li ratio. Thus, there are crucial research value and strategic significance to study the extraction of lithium from high Mg/Li ratio salt lake brine. In this review, the research status of popular lithium extraction technology from salt lake is summarized, including precipitation, solvent extraction, ion-sieve adsorption, nanofiltration and electrodialysis methods. The advantages and characteristics of the methods above are reviewed and the influence of high Mg/Li ratio on lithium separation is discussed. Moreover, the emerging solvent extraction using ionic liquid extractant and electrodialysis technology with monovalent selective permeability ion exchange membrane used to extract lithium from high Mg/Li ratio salt lake brine are introduced in detail. The two technologies exhibit great research significace and wide application prospects. The former has the potential to develop high effective lithium extractants due to the designability of ionic liquid structure and function. The current research shows that the latter could even reduce the Mg/Li mass ratio from 150 to 8.0 for the simulated brine, and simultaneously, the Li+ recovery reaches 95.3%. Finally, the existing problems and development directions of lithium extraction from high Mg/Li ratio salt lake brine in the future are discussed.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Precipitation method
2.1 Carbonate
2.2 Aluminate
2.3 Aluminium salt
3 Solvent extraction method
3.1 β-Diketones
3.2 Crown ethers
3.3 Organophosphorus
3.4 Ionic liquids
4 Ion-sieve adsorption method
5 Nanofiltration and electrodialysis technology
6 Conclusion
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