免疫治疗是目前一种新型的肿瘤治疗手段，通过引入并增强功能性的抗原特异性免疫反应，来实现对肿瘤细胞长期持续的免疫记忆、预防和杀伤。与传统化疗相比，肿瘤免疫治疗毒副作用较轻，可获得较好的临床治疗效果。免疫治疗从最初的抗原疫苗类，发展到目前以嵌合抗原受体T淋巴细胞（CAR-T）为代表的过继免疫细胞治疗，治疗效果不断提高。但与此同时，多种免疫治疗手段尚存在一定问题：治疗性蛋白、核酸等自身靶向性差，在体内向靶点呈递过程遇到降解、物理屏障等，及自身免疫原性引起的潜在毒性，均有待进一步完善。将多样化生物医用材料应用于免疫治疗中，即应用载体运输蛋白、核酸有助于解决以上问题。目前，载体在肿瘤免疫治疗中包含以下几个功能：（1）减少治疗性药物如蛋白质和核酸的降解；（2）提高靶向性；（3）协助跨物理屏障；（4）减少全身副作用；（5）实现持续性释放。本文沿肿瘤免疫治疗发展进程，综述多样化的新型生物医用材料载体在肿瘤免疫治疗中的特殊作用和最新进展，并指出其存在的不足和可能面对的挑战。
Aimed at acquiring long-term immune memory, prevention and tumor killing, immunotherapy is a new method for tumor therapy by introducing and enhancing the antigen specific immune response. Compared with the traditional chemotherapy, tumor immunotherapy has less side effects and shows better clinical response. From the original antigen vaccine to the current development of adoptive cell therapy such as chimeric antigen receptor T lymphocytes (CAR-T), the treatment effect has been improved. However, some problems still exist in immunotherapies:the poor targeting property of therapeutic protein and nucleic acid, the difficulty in crossing the physical barrier, the inclination to be degraded, as well as the potential toxicity caused by immunogenicity, all of which require further improvement for better immunotherapeutic strategy. As effective carries for loading proteins and nucleic acids, a variety of biomedical materials are used to solve the above problems. At present, the biological carriers contain several functions in immunotherapy:(1) reduce the degradation of therapeutic substances such as protein and nucleic acid; (2) enhance targeting of conditioned drugs; (3) assist to cross the physical barrier; (4) reduce systemic side effects; (5) achieve persistent release. In this article, the latest development of new biomedical material carriers is introduced, and the existing problems and the possible challenges are also put forward.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Tumor antigen vaccine
3 Cytokine immunotherapy
4 Gene immunotherapy
4.1 Polymer carrier
4.2 Metal and inorganic nano-carrier
5 Monoclonal antibody immunotherapy
5.1 Polymer nanoparticle carrier
5.2 Injectable hydrogel carrier
6 Adoptive immunotherapy
6.1 Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle carrier
6.2 Gel carrier
7 Conclusion
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