传统的水处理消毒技术使用含氯消毒剂和臭氧等化学品，容易产生有毒的副产物。紫外线消毒技术不使用化学试剂且不产生副产物，因此得到广泛应用。但是紫外线仅破坏致病微生物的遗传物质，阻断其繁殖，一些致病微生物能够修复紫外损伤恢复活性。光催化过程产生的羟基自由基不但能氧化分解DNA，还能破坏细胞膜并氧化流出的胞内物质，进而能彻底杀死微生物。由于紫外光和自由基同时参与灭菌，灭活速度也比紫外消毒快，因此具有较好的应用前景。本文综述了光催化产生的各种氧化性自由基的消毒原理，介绍了光催化剂分别与金属颗粒、纳米碳材料和微生物适配子构成的复合光催化消毒材料，在此基础上总结了薄膜反应器、固定床反应器和膜分离反应器在光催化消毒领域的研究进展。
Traditional disinfection technologies not only consume corrosive agents (such as Cl2 and O3) but also generate toxic disinfection by-products. Without these drawbacks, ultraviolet disinfection technology has been used widely in water and wastewater treatment. However, some pathogenic bacteria can repair their ultraviolet damage and reactivate, which brings health risk. Photocatalytic disinfection is a safe alternative, since photogenerated reactive oxygen species are confirmed to destroy not only DNA but also plasma membrane and effluent protein, then killing pathogenic bacteria utterly. Furthermore, both UV and photogenerated reactive oxygen species participate in the sterilization process and increase the rate of disinfection. Therefore, compared to ultraviolet disinfection, photocatalysis displays a superior ability to kill microorganisms fastly and thoroughly. This paper presents the advantages of photocatalysis over other disinfection technologies including chlorine-containing disinfectant, ozone and ultraviolet. Special attention is paid to the disinfection mechanisms of various photogenerated oxidative radicals. Typical photocatalytic composites including semiconductor-carbon with membrane stress, semiconductor-metal with oxidative stress and semiconductor-DNA aptamer with ability to capture microbial cell are summarized. Furthermore, three kinds of possible application modes of photocatalytic disinfection, including annular reactors, fixed bed reactors and membrane separation reactors, are reviewed. Finally, research prospects are proposed for the future development of photocatalysis in disinfection.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Disinfection mechanism on photogenerated reactive oxygen species
2.1 Hydroxyl radical
2.2 Singlet oxygen
2.3 Hydrogen peroxide
2.4 Halogenic radical
3 Pathogenic microorganisms
3.1 Common bacteria
3.2 Viruses
3.3 Protozoa
3.4 Antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes
4 Photocatalytic materials for disinfection
4.1 TiO2
4.2 Non-TiO2-based photocatalysts
4.3 Composite of photocatalyst and nano carbon material with membrane stress
4.4 Composite of photocatalyst and nano metal materials with oxidative stress
4.5 Composite of photocatalyst and DNA aptamer
5 Reactors for photocatalytic disinfection
5.1 Annular reactors
5.2 Fixed bed reactors
5.3 Membrane separation reactors
6 Conclusion
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