重金属污染是一个亟待解决的环境和社会问题。重金属元素在自然界常会形成各种价态的矿物，具有不同的理化性质，对重金属污染治理具有重要的参考意义。重金属离子价态的改变可通过微生物、电极电子及半导体矿物光电子传递与吸收实现。本文分析了微生物及其电化学系统、半导体矿物光电子与光电子协同作用对重金属离子的还原作用，从氧化还原电势角度分析了微生物及其电化学系统与光电子对重金属离子的还原机理。重点从微生物跨膜电子传递过程及分子网络角度阐述了微生物还原变价重金属离子的直接/间接电子传递途径、从微生物向电极的正/逆向电子传递与吸收利用角度揭示了微生物电化学系统与光电子协同微生物对重金属离子价态调控的机制。最后，提出了微生物、电极、半导体矿物与光在重金属价态调控中的作用网络与能量利用途径。可为进一步研究微生物胞外电子传递及微生物光电子利用与光电子协同微生物调控重金属离子价态及其环境治理提供参考。
Heavy metal pollution is an environmental and social problem that needs to be solved urgently. Heavy metal elements in nature will form a variety of minerals with different states of valence and show different physical and chemical properties, which has important implications for the treatment of heavy metal pollution. The valence state of heavy metal ions can be regulated through electron transfer and electron absorption from microbe, electrode, and semiconductor mineral photocatalysis. This review analyzes the reduction effect of heavy metal ions by microbes, microbial electrolysis system (MES), photoelectron and photoelectron-microorganism synergistic effect. The redox reaction and the energy utilization mechanism during the heavy metal ions reduction process are illustrated based on oxidation reduction potential principle. Detailed transmembrane electron transfer process and molecular networks are elaborated for direct/indirect electron transfer pathways during reduction of heavy metal ions by microorganism. The electron transfer from microorganism cells to electrode and reverse electron absorption-utilization process are also expounded for heavy metal ion valence state regulation by microbial electrolysis system and photoelectron-microorganism synergistic effect. Finally, the interaction network and energy utilization mechanism are proposed to elucidate the regulation of heavy metal ion valence state by microorganisms, electrodes, semiconductor minerals and light. This review will provide a reference for the further study regarding the microbial extracellular electron transfer, the photoelectron utilization by microorganism and the valence state regulation of heavy metal ions by microbe-photoelectron coordination as well as its environmental significance.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Reduction and immobilization of heavy metal ions by microorganisms and electrochemical systems
2.1 Reduction of heavy metal ions by microorganisms
2.2 Reduction of heavy metal ions by microbial electrolysis system
3 Reduction of heavy metal ions by microorganism and photoelectron coordination
3.1 Reduction of heavy metal ions by photoelectron
3.2 Reduction of heavy metal ions by microorganism and photoelectron coordination
3.3 Mineralization, transformation and interface interaction during reduction of heavy metals induced by microorganisms and photoelectrons
4 Electrochemical mechanism of reduction of heavy metal ions by microorganisms, electrochemical systems and photoelectrons
5 The role of microbial electrode as well as electron transport and transfer during reduction of heavy metal ions
5.1 Electron transfer from microorganism to heavy metal ions
5.2 Electron transfer from microorganism to electrode
5.3 The reverse transfer of electrons:from electrode to microorganism
6 Conclusion and outlook
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