碳量子点作为新兴的“零维”碳纳米材料引起人们广泛的关注。水热炭化法是目前为止应用最广泛的碳量子点合成方法之一。水热炭化合成碳量子点取材广泛、过程简单，其最大的特点是合成的碳量子点表面含有丰富的含氧官能团，水溶性优异，在制备过程中即可对碳量子点进行表面功能化改性。此外，水热法合成的碳量子点具有石墨或无定形结构的碳核。水热碳量子点的结构和性质主要受原料种类及制备条件（水热炭化温度、时间及化学添加剂）的影响，产物在光催化技术、分析检测、活体成像和细胞标记、发光二极管（LED）及药物输送等领域展示出较好应用效果。本文综述了水热碳量子点的制备、性质、形成机理（包括原料的脱水、聚合、炭化及钝化过程）及发光机理（表面缺陷态效应和量子尺寸效应），并对水热碳量子点的应用进行了总结。最后，对水热碳量子点发展过程中尚待解决的问题进行总结，对其未来的发展方向进行了展望。
Carbon quantum dots acting as a new class of “zero-dimensional” carbon nanomaterials have attracted much attention. Hydrothermal carbonization method has been by far one of the most widely used synthesis methods. Many kinds of raw materials can be selected for preparing carbon quantum dots via hydrothermal carbonization method. The preparation process of hydrothermal carbonization is simple. It is able to obtain the carbon quantum dots with abundant oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface and showing excellent water solubility via hydrothermal carbonization. Furthermore, surface functional modification of carbon quantum dots can be carried out during the preparation process. The carbon cores of hydrothermal carbon quantum dots are graphite or amorphous structures. The structures and properties of hydrothermal carbon quantum dots are influenced mainly by raw material types and preparation conditions (including hydrothermal carbonization temperature, time and chemical additives). The products have found good applications in the fields of photocatalysis technology, analysis and detection, the vivo imaging and cellular labeling, light-emitting diodes (LED), drug delivery and so on. In this review, the preparation, properties, formation mechanism (including dehydration, polymerization, carbonization and passivation progress of raw materials) and luminescence mechanism (including surface defect state effect and quantum size effect) of hydrothermal carbon quantum dots are summerized. Simultaneously, the applications of hydrothermal carbon quantum dots are reviewed. The problems remaining to be solved are summarized and the future developments are prospected.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of hydrothermal carbon quantum dots
2.1 Influence of feedstocks
2.2 Influence of preparation conditions
3 Properties of hydrothermal carbon quantum dots
3.1 Surface chemical structure
3.2 Crystal structure
3.3 Optical property
4 Formation mechanism of hydrothermal carbon quantum dots
5 Luminescence mechanism of hydrothermal carbon quantum dots
5.1 Surface defect state effect
5.2 Quantum size effect
6 Applications of hydrothermal carbon quantum dots
6.1 Photocatalysis
6.2 Detection probes
6.3 Bioimaging
6.4 Drug delivery
6.5 Light-emitting diodes
6.6 Other applications
7 Conclusion
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