目前，利用纳米粒子传递药物并用于恶性肿瘤组织的靶向识别，进一步提高肿瘤的诊断和治疗水平是一个比较热点的领域，人们期望用制备容易、价格便宜、毒性小的纳米技术来提高肿瘤的治疗效率。然而，由近年的报道来看，所摄入的纳米粒子仅有约0.7%能够到达肿瘤部位，传递效率较低，这无疑加大了治疗应用的难度。本综述中，我们分析了造成纳米粒子靶向药物转运效率较低的原因，包括纳米粒子的转运途径，纳米粒子转运过程中所遇到的屏障，纳米粒子在体内的清除途径等；随后我们介绍了较早应用的聚合物纳米粒子、磁性氧化铁纳米粒子以及目前广泛研究的介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子在药物传递系统构建中的应用情况，还介绍了细胞膜仿生纳米粒子在药物传递系统中的应用；最后，对纳米粒子在药物传递中的研究进行总结和展望。我们希望通过对纳米粒子传递药物的系统研究，进一步促进纳米粒子在药物传递上的研究，加速纳米药物的临床应用。
At present, application of nanoparticles for drug delivery and tumor targeting has become a very popular concept to improve the diagnosis and treatment level of tumor tissues. People have long expected to use nanotechnology, which is easy to manufacture, cost effective, low toxic, to improve the efficiency of treatment. However, the transfer efficiency is extremely low according to the reported literature, only about 0.7% of the administered nanoparticles reach tumor. In this paper, we analyze the influence factor of low efficiency on nanoparticle targeted delivery, including transport pathway of nanoparticles, the barrier in the course of nanoparticles transport, and in vivo clearance of nanoparticles. For the applications of nanoparticles, firstly, we introduce the preparation methods of polymer nanoparticles and the current application in clinic; followed by the introduction of iron oxide nanoparticles, which has great potential clinical application value, combined with drug by different binding modes; we also introduce the widely studied mesoporous silica nanoparticles and its several different drug delivery systems. The biomimetic nanoparticles of cell membrane is also recommended due to its great advantage in constructing drug delivery system. Finally, the future research of nanoparticles in drug delivery is prospected. We hope that we could promote the application of nanoparticles in drug delivery and accelerate the clinical translation of nanomedicine through systematic study on nanoparticles delivery.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 The delivery efficiency of nanoparticles and consequences
3 The barrier in the course of nanoparticles transport
4 The in vivo clearance of nanoparticles
4.1 Mononuclear phagocytic system identificaion
4.2 Macrophage uptake nanoparticles
4.3 Renal clearance
5 The toxicity of nanoparticles
6 The application of nanoparticles in drug delivery
6.1 Polymer nanoparticles
6.2 Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
6.3 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
6.4 Biomimetic nanoparticles of cell membrane
7 Conclusion
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