超级电容器作为一种新型储能装置，因充放电快、功率密度高和循环寿命长的优异性能而引起了广泛的关注。电解质作为影响超级电容器性能的关键因素之一，其离子类型与尺寸、电化学窗口及电导率等性质对器件的工作电压、能量密度及循环寿命有着重要影响。针对近年来的研究现状，本文概述了超级电容器的储能原理、性能评估的关键参数及电解质在超级电容器中的应用研究进展。介绍了电解质的分类，包括水系电解质、有机电解质、离子液电解质和氧化还原电解质在内的液态电解质，及包括固态聚合物电解质、无机固态电解质及凝胶聚合物电解质在内的固态/准固态电解质。评述各类电解质的最新研发进展，讨论了电解质性质对超级电容器性能的影响，并阐明了超级电容器电解质的设计和优化方法。最后，分析了制备高性能电解质所面临的困难，并就其未来的研究方向作出了展望。
As a new type of energy storage device, supercapacitors have attracted wide attention because of their excellent performance, such as high charge and discharge speed, high power density, and long cycle life. The electrolytes have been considered as one of the most important factors affecting the performance of supercapacitors, whose ionic type and size, ion mobility, ionic conductivity, viscosity, thermal/electrochemical stability and the operating voltage window have the important influence on the working voltage, energy density and cycle life of the device. In view of recent research status of electrolytes, this paper summarizes the charge storage mechanism, key parameters of performance evaluation and the research progress of electrolytes in supercapacitors. The classification of electrolytes is specially presented, including liquid electrolytes which incorporate aqueous, organic, ionic liquid, redox-active electrolytes and solid-state/quasi-solid-state electrolytes which cover inorganic solid-state electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes, and gel polymer electrolytes. The latest research and development of various electrolytes are reviewed and discussed, and the influences of electrolyte properties on the performance of supercapacitors are discussed in detail. The methods of design and optimization of electrolytes for supercapacitors are emphasized in this paper. The difficulties of producing high-performance electrolytes are pointed out, and the future research directions are put forward to overcome these difficulties without sacrificing existing advantages.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Electrolytes and their categories
2.1 Liquid electrolytes
2.2 Solid-state/quasi-solid-state electrolytes
3 Conclusion
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