脊椎动物硬组织（牙和骨）是通过生命系统的矿化过程形成的，其中矿化胶原是这些生物材料的基本结构单元。矿化胶原是由胶原分子与纳米磷酸钙矿物形成的有机-无机复合材料，其所特有的纳米有序多级结构赋予了生物硬组织材料优异的机械性能（如硬度和韧性）。该结构特性和矿化过程可为新型硬组织修复材料制备提供有益的启示。其中，胶原纤维内有序矿化是仿生重构的难点，也是开展硬组织修复的关键。本文综述了骨的分层结构特征、胶原分子的组装和矿化胶原的多级结构特点，胶原分子和非胶原蛋白与磷酸钙材料的相互作用，功能调控分子对胶原和矿物的界面修饰，以及胶原矿化技术在硬组织修复中的应用；指出了目前胶原矿化亟须解决的一些关键问题，如调控无定形矿物进入胶原纤维、胶原矿化速度和程度，大规模有序胶原纤维制备等。
The hard tissue(tooth and bone) in vertebrates is formed by the biomineralization processes, which are regulated and controlled by bio-systems. Among them, the mineralized collagen fibril is an essential building block for the construction of biominerals. The mineralized collagen is a hybrid material of nano inorganic mineral(calcium phosphate) and assembled organic molecules(collagen). The advanced nano hierarchical and ordered structure of the mineralized collagen fibrils will endow biological hard tissue with excellent mechanical properties(such as hardness and toughness). The structure feature and mineralization process may inspire new materials fabrications aimed at hard tissue repair. It is important but challenging to reconstruct the ordered organic/inorganic hybrid structures via intrafibrillar mineralization of collagen, and that is the key to the tissue repair. In this review, the same basic questions are discussed including hierarchical structures of bones, the assembled structure of collagen fibrils and the nano-hybrid structure of mineralized collagen fibrils, the interactions between the organic(collagen and non-collagenous proteins) and inorganic counterparts and their interface, the modification of mineralizing interface by the functional molecules, and the control of collagen mineralization and their applications in tissue repair. Some unresolved but urgent issues for collagen mineralization are also discussed, such as the regulation of amorphous precursors for the infiltration into the nano-compartment of collagen fibrils, the control of the mineralization rate and degree, as well as the large scale fabrication of ordered collagen fibrils and their mineralization.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Hierarchical organic-inorganic structure of mineralized collagen
3 Interactions between the organic and inorganic components
4 Interfaces of collagen mineralization and their regulation
5 Biomimetic mineralization of collagen fibrils and their applications in hard tissue repair
6 Conclusion
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