碳在锂离子电池硅碳复合材料中的作用
Effects of Carbon on Silicon-Carbon Composites in Lithium-Ion Batteries
随着低比容量硅碳复合材料(<500 mAh/g)在锂离子电池中的商业化应用,硅基负极材料也从实验室研究走向了产业化发展。近年来的研究工作中,许多方法被用来解决硅在循环过程中体积变化(>300%)所带来的一系列问题。在材料结构方面,从最初的硅材料纳米化、硅与其他材料复合等技术手段转变到了硅碳复合材料二次颗粒的结构设计、表面包覆层设计等方法;在应用性能方面,除了早期文献报道的材料比容量、循环性能等参数外,还增加了材料比表面积、振实密度、首次及循环库仑效率等更符合电池实际应用要求的性能参数研究,从而极大地推动了硅基负极材料的商业化应用进程。本文首先综述了近年来硅碳复合材料组成、结构设计的发展脉络,进一步分析了由石墨、软碳、硬碳、碳纤维和石墨烯等碳源合成的硅碳复合材料的结构特点,并对其电化学性能进行分析对比,总结了碳在硅碳复合材料结构及其性能上发挥的作用。最后,对硅碳复合材料制备过程中的结构设计要求和碳材料的选择进行了分析和展望。
With the commercial application of low specific capacity silicon-carbon composites(<500 mAh/g) in lithium-ion batteries, silicon-based anode materials have also evolved from laboratory research to industrialization. In recent years, various investigations have been proposed to solve the problems caused by the volume change (>300%) of silicon during lithiation/delithiation. From the perspective of material structural design, the research focus has gradually shifted from the initial silicon nano-structuration and elaboration of silicon-based composite materials to the structural design of the silicon-carbon composite secondary particles and the surface coating design. In terms of application performance research, in addition to specific capacity and cycle performance of materials reported in the early literature, the specific surface area, tap density, initial and cyclic coulombic efficiency and other parameters of materials which are more in line with the practical application requirements of the batteries have been widely studied, thus greatly promoting the commercial application process of the silicon-based anode materials. In this review, the development of the composition and structural design of silicon-carbon composites in recent years are presented and summarized. The structural characteristics and electrochemical properties of silicon-carbon composites synthesized by graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, carbon fiber and graphene as carbon sources are further proposed and compared. Moreover, the effects of carbon in the structure and properties of silicon-carbon composites are briefly summarized. Finally, the selection of carbon material and structural design in the preparation of silicon-carbon composites are discussed and prospected.
锂离子电池 / 硅碳复合材料 / 镶嵌结构 / 硬碳 / 软碳
lithium-ion battery / silicon-carbon composites / embedded structure / hard carbon / soft carbon
| [1] |
|
| [2] |
|
| [3] |
|
| [4] |
|
| [5] |
|
| [6] |
|
| [7] |
|
| [8] |
|
| [9] |
|
| [10] |
|
| [11] |
|
| [12] |
|
| [13] |
|
| [14] |
|
| [15] |
|
| [16] |
|
| [17] |
|
| [18] |
|
| [19] |
|
| [20] |
|
| [21] |
|
| [22] |
|
| [23] |
|
| [24] |
|
| [25] |
|
| [26] |
|
| [27] |
|
| [28] |
|
| [29] |
|
| [30] |
|
| [31] |
|
| [32] |
|
| [33] |
|
| [34] |
|
| [35] |
|
| [36] |
|
| [37] |
|
| [38] |
|
| [39] |
吴帅锦(Wu S J),杨娟玉(Yang J Y),于冰(Yu B),方升(Fang S),武兆辉(Wu Z H),史碧梦(Shi B M) 化学进展(Progress in Chemistry), 2018,30(2/3):272. |
| [40] |
|
| [41] |
|
| [42] |
|
| [43] |
|
| [44] |
|
| [45] |
|
| [46] |
|
| [47] |
|
| [48] |
|
| [49] |
|
| [50] |
|
| [51] |
|
| [52] |
|
| [53] |
|
| [54] |
|
| [55] |
|
| [56] |
|
| [57] |
|
| [58] |
|
| [59] |
|
| [60] |
|
| [61] |
|
| [62] |
|
| [63] |
|
| [64] |
|
| [65] |
|
| [66] |
|
| [67] |
|
| [68] |
|
| [69] |
|
| [70] |
|
| [71] |
|
| [72] |
|
| [73] |
|
| [74] |
|
| [75] |
|
| [76] |
|
| [77] |
|
| [78] |
|
| [79] |
|
| [80] |
|
| [81] |
|
| [82] |
|
| [83] |
|
| [84] |
|
| [85] |
|
| [86] |
|
| [87] |
|
| [88] |
|
| [89] |
|
| [90] |
|
| [91] |
|
| [92] |
|
| [93] |
|
| [94] |
|
| [95] |
|
| [96] |
|
| [97] |
|
| [98] |
|
| [99] |
|
| [100] |
|
| [101] |
|
| [102] |
|
| [103] |
|
| [104] |
|
| [105] |
|
| [106] |
|
| [107] |
|
| [108] |
|
| [109] |
|
| [110] |
|
| [1] | Armand M , Tarascon J M . Nature, 2008,451:652. https://doi.org/10.1038/451652a |
| [2] | Boukamp B A , Lesh G C , Huggins R A . Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1981,128(4):725. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2127495 |
| [3] | Winter M , Besenhard J O , Spahr M E , Novák P . Advanced Materials, 1998,10(10):725. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/%28ISSN%291521-4095 |
| [4] | Luo F , Chu G , Xia X , Liu B , Zheng J , Li J , Li H , Gu C , Chen L . Nanoscale, 2015,7(17):7651. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C5NR00045A |
| [5] | Liu Y , Guo X , Li J , Lv Q , Ma T , Zhu W , Qiu X . Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013,1(45):14075. 31d721fd-074c-4a9b-8a3a-31b2e68f9272 http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta12982a |
| [6] | Wu H , Chan G , Choi J W , Ryu I , Yao Y , McDowell M T , Lee S W , Jackson A , Yang Y , Hu L , Cui Y . Nature Nanotechnology, 2012,7(5):310. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.35 |
| [7] | Liu X H , Zhong L , Huang S , Mao S X , Zhu T , Huang J Y . ACS Nano, 2012,6(2):1522. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/nn204476h |
| [8] | Oh S W , Myung S T , Bang H J , Yoon C S , Amine K , Sun Y K . Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, 2009,12(9):A181. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.3143901 |
| [9] | Ryu H , Sung Y E , Oh S M . Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, 2004,7(10):A306. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.1792242 |
| [10] | Sandu I , Moreau P , Guyomard D , Brousse T , Roue L . Solid State Ionics, 2007,178(21/22):1297. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167273807002342 |
| [11] | Jung S C , Choi J W , Han Y K . Nano Letters, 2012,12(10):5342. 350cc32b-2348-4b3a-a564-0e8614dded7e http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl3027197 |
| [12] | Chan C K , Ruffo R , Hong S S , Cui Y . Journal of Power Sources, 2009,189(2):1132. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775309000524 |
| [13] | Chan C K , Ruffo R , Hong S S , Huggins R A , Cui Y . Journal of Power Sources, 2009,189(1):34. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775308023616 |
| [14] | Cui L F , Ruffo R , Chan C K , Peng H , Cui Y . Nano Letters, 2009,9(1):491. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/nl8036323 |
| [15] | Zhou G , Xu L , Hu G , Mai L , Cui Y . Chemical Reviews, 2019,119(20):11042. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00326 |
| [16] | Park M H , Kim M G , Joo J , Kim K , Kim J , Ahn S , Cui Y , Cho J . Nano Letters, 2009,9(11):3844. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/nl902058c |
| [17] | Ma T , Xu H , Yu X , Li H , Zhang W , Cheng X , Zhu W , Qiu X . ACS Nano, 2019,13(2):2274. |
| [18] | Lv Q , Liu Y , Ma T , Zhu W , Qiu |
| [19] | Yao Y , McDowell M T , Ryu I , Wu H , Liu N , Hu L , Nix W D , Cui Y . Nano Letters, 2011,11(7):2949. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/nl201470j |
| [20] | Ma T , Yu X , Cheng X , Li H , Zhu W , Qiu X . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017,9(15):13247. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.7b03046 |
| [21] | Du F H , Wang K X , Chen J S . Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2016,4(1):32. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C5TA06962A |
| [22] | Li Y , Yan K , Lee H W , Lu Z , Liu N , Cui Y . Nature Energy, 2016,1:15029. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2015.29 |
| [23] | Wu J , Cao Y , Zhao H , Mao J , Guo Z . Carbon Energy, 2019,1(1):57. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/26379368/1/1 |
| [24] | Li P , Zhang K , Park J H . Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018,6(5):1900. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C7TA10343C |
| [25] | Zhang X , Kong D , Li X , Zhi L . Advanced Functional Materials, 2019,29(2):1806061. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/adfm.v29.2 |
| [26] | Xu Y , Yin G , Ma Y , Zuo P , Cheng X . Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2010,20(16):3216. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=b921979j |
| [27] | Du C , Chen M , Wang L , Yin G . Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011,21(39):15692. 4cac277c-a7a8-427c-85f6-d60fded41c6a http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1jm12368h |
| [28] | Wang T , Wang F , Zhu H . Materials Letters, 2015,161:89. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167577X15304328 |
| [29] | Feng K , Li M , Liu W , Kashkooli A G , Xiao X , Cai M , Chen Z . Small, 2018,14(8):1702737. |
| [30] | Umeno T , Fukuda K , Wang H , Dimov N , Iwao T , Yoshio M . Chemistry Letters, 2001,30(11):1186. http://www.journal.csj.jp/doi/10.1246/cl.2001.1186 |
| [31] | Yang X Q , McBreen J , Yoon W S , Yoshio M , Wang H Y , Fukuda K , Umeno T Electrochemistry Communications, 2002,4(11):893. 445a9894-478c-4687-b292-8ee3ae55a854 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388248102004836 |
| [32] | Yoshio M , Wang H Y , Fukuda K , Umeno T , Dimov N , Ogumi Z . Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2002,149(12):A1598. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.1518988 |
| [33] | Dimov N , Fukuda K , Umeno T , Kugino S , Yoshio M . Journal of Power Sources, 2003,114(1):88. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775302005335 |
| [34] | Dimov N , Kugino S , Yoshio M . Electrochimica Acta, 2003,48(11):1579. 6fd78550-13cb-47ba-87b6-0b2c3c2af22b http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468603000306 |
| [35] | Ng S H , Wang J , Konstantinov K , Wexler D , Chew S Y , Guo Z , Liu H K . Journal of Power Sources, 2007,174(2):823. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775307013882 |
| [36] | Liu N , Wu H , McDowell M T , Yao Y , Wang C , Cui Y Nano Letters, 2012,12(6):3315. 7750e39a-a176-4be3-bdbb-2c5a59e4299a http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl3014814 |
| [37] | Zhang L , Rajagopalan R , Guo H , Hu X , Dou S , Liu H . Advanced Functional Materials, 2016,26(3):440. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/adfm.v26.3 |
| [38] | Su H , Barragan A A , Geng L , Long D , Ling L , Bozhilov K N , Mangolini L , Guo J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2017,56(36):10780. |
| [39] | 吴帅锦(Wu S J),杨娟玉(Yang J Y),于冰(Yu B),方升(Fang S),武兆辉(Wu Z H),史碧梦(Shi B M) 化学进展(Progress in Chemistry), 2018,30(2/3):272. |
| [40] | Wu S , Yu B , Wu Z , Fang S , Shi B , Yang J . RSC Advances, 2018,8(16):8544. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C8RA00539G |
| [41] | Liu N , Lu Z , Zhao J , McDowell M T , Lee H W , Zhao W , Cui Y Nature Nanotechnology, 2014,9(3):187. 5a0b662a-887e-4fbb-bb8d-adfee236b11a http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NNANO.2014.6 |
| [42] | Lin D , Lu Z , Hsu P C , Lee H R , Liu N , Zhao J , Wang H , Liu C , Cui Y . Energy & Environmental Science, 2015,8(8):2371. |
| [43] | Xu Q , Li J Y , Sun J K , Yin Y X , Wan L J , Guo Y G . Advanced Energy Materials, 2017,7(3):1601481. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/aenm.201601481 |
| [44] | Ko M , Chae S , Ma J , Kim N , Lee H W , Cui Y , Cho J . Nature Energy, 2016,1(9):16113. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.113 |
| [45] | Xiao C , He P , Ren J , Yue M , Huang Y , He X . RSC Advances, 2018,8(48):27580. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C8RA04804E |
| [46] | Fan P , Mu T , Lou S , Cheng X , Gao Y , Du C , Zuo P , Ma Y , Yin G . Electrochimica Acta, 2019,306:590. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0013468619305778 |
| [47] | Yazami R , Deschamps M . Journal of Power Sources, 1995,54(2):411. |
| [48] | Tokumitsu K , Fujimoto H , Mabuchi A , Kasuh T . Journal of Power Sources, 2000,90(2):206. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775300004122 |
| [49] | Matsumura Y , Wang S , Kasuh T , Maeda T . Synthetic Metals, 1995,71(1):1755. |
| [50] | Mabuchi A , Tokumitsu K , Fujimoto H , Kasuh T . Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1995,142(4):1041. |
| [51] | Dahn J R , Zheng T , Liu Y , Xue J S . Science, 1995,270(5236):590. |
| [52] | Choi S , Kim M C , Moon S H , Lee J E , Shin Y K , Kim E S , Park K W . Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2018,64:344. |
| [53] | Li W , Li M , Shi J A , Zhong X , Gu L , Yu Y . Nanoscale, 2018,10(26):12430. |
| [54] | Zhou X , Liu Y , Du C , Ren Y , Mu T , Zuo P , Yin G , Ma Y , Cheng X , Gao Y . Journal of Power Sources, 2018,381:156. |
| [55] | Tao H , Zhu S , Xiong L , Zhang L , Yang X . Chemistryselect, 2017,2(9):2832. |
| [56] | Wang M S , Wang G L , Wang S , Zhang J , Wang J , Zhong W , Tang F , Yang Z L , Zheng J , Li X . Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019,356:895. |
| [57] | Kim S K , Ha T , Lee C , Chang H , Jang H D . Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2019,40(9):1800832. |
| [58] | Jeschull F , Surace Y , Zürcher S , Spahr M E , Novák P , Trabesinger S . Electrochimica Acta, 2019,320:134602. |
| [59] | Zhu X , Chen H , Wang Y , Xia L , Tan Q , Li H , Zhong Z , Su F , Zhao X S . Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013,1(14):4483. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c3ta01474f |
| [60] | Wang Z , Mao Z , Lai L , Okubo M , Song Y , Zhou Y , Liu X , Huang W . Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017,313:187. |
| [61] | Mu T , Zhang Z , Li Q , Lou S , Zuo P , Du C , Yin G . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2019,555:783. |
| [62] | Hasegawa T , Mukai S R , Shirato Y , Tamon H . Carbon, 2004,42(12/13):2573. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0008622304003689 |
| [63] | Zuo P , Yin G , Ma Y . Electrochimica Acta, 2007,52(15):4878. 5f314374-3756-4960-90b7-beac83eeaeb1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468607000758 |
| [64] | Su M , Wang Z , Guo H , Li X , Huang S , Gan L , Xiao W . Powder Technology, 2013,249:105. 4d16a8b8-8c81-4b15-8e0c-2c706e428de2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2013.07.021 |
| [65] | Wang M S , Fan L Z . Journal of Power Sources, 2013,244:570. |
| [66] | Lee J K , Kung M C , Trahey L , Missaghi M N , Kung H H . Chemistry of Materials, 2009,21(1):6. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm8022314 |
| [67] | Gan C , Zhang C , Liu P , Liu Y , Wen W , Liu B , Xie Q , Huang L , Luo X . Electrochimica Acta, 2019,307:107. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0013468619306188 |
| [68] | Lu Z , Liu N , Lee H W , Zhao J , Li W , Li Y , Cui Y . ACS Nano, 2015,9(3):2540. |
| [69] | Luo W , Wang Y , Chou S , Xu Y , Li W , Kong B , Dou S X , Liu H K , Yang J . Nano Energy, 2016,27:255. |
| [70] | Lu Z , Li B , Yang D , Lv H , Xue M , Zhang C . RSC Advances, 2018,8(7):3477. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C7RA13580G |
| [71] | Li B , Li K , Lu Y , Lu C , Ling L . Energy Sources, 2003,25(8):827. |
| [72] | Lin J H , Ko T H , Kuo W S , Wei C H . Energy & Fuels, 2010,24(7):4090. |
| [73] | Jiang X , Fang H C , Xiao P , Liu T , Zhu J M , Wang Y C , Liu P F , Li Y . Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018,744:165. |
| [74] | Guo H , Li X , Zhang X , Wang Z , Peng W , Zhang B . Journal of Central South University, 2006,13:58. |
| [75] | Hou X , Zhang M , Wang J , Hu S , Liu X . Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2015,19(12):3595. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10008-015-2965-x |
| [76] | Yao Y , Zhang J , Xue L , Huang T , Yu A . Journal of Power Sources, 2011,196(23):10240. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775311015072 |
| [77] | Guan P , Li J , Lu T , Guan T , Ma Z , Peng Z , Zhu X , Zhang L . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2018,10(40):34283. |
| [78] | Liu Y , Wen Z Y , Wang X Y , Hirano A , Imanishi N , Takeda Y . Journal of Power Sources, 2009,189(1):733. |
| [79] | Ng S H , Wang J , Wexler D , Konstantinov K , Guo Z P , Liu H K . Angewandte Chemie, 2006,118(41):7050. |
| [80] | Ng S H , Wang J , Wexler D , Chew S Y , Liu H K . Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2007,111(29):11131. |
| [81] | Gu P , Cai R , Zhou Y , Shao Z . Electrochimica Acta, 2010,55(12):3876. |
| [82] | Lee S J , Kim H J , Hwang T H , Choi S , Park S H , Deniz E , Jung D S , Choi J W . Nano Letters, 2017,17(3):1870. |
| [83] | Sohn H , Kim D H , Yi R , Tang D , Lee S E , Jung Y S , Wang D . Journal of Power Sources, 2016,334:128. |
| [84] | Zhou J , Jiang Z , Cai W , Liu X , Zhu Y , Lan Y , Ma K , Qian Y . Dalton Transactions, 2016,45(35):13667. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C6DT02551J |
| [85] | Ren W , Zhang Z , Wang Y , Tan Q , Zhong Z , Su F . Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2015,3(11):5859. |
| [86] | Jeong S , Li X , Zheng J , Yan P , Cao R , Jung H J , Wang C , Liu J , Zhang J G . Journal of Power Sources, 2016,329:323. |
| [87] | Jenkins G M , Kawamura K . Nature, 1971,231(5299):175. https://doi.org/10.1038/231175a0 |
| [88] | Lee J H , Lee H Y , Oh S M , Lee S J , Lee K Y , Lee S M . Journal of Power Sources, 2007,166(1):250. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037877530700095X |
| [89] | Kim K J , Lee T S , Kim H G , Lim S H , Lee S M . Electrochimica Acta, 2014,135:27. ac8e6c1d-d7bf-4141-afc4-e30d47feae9b http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.171 |
| [90] | Han Y J , Kim J , Yeo J S , An J C , Hong I P , Nakabayashi K , Miyawaki J , Jung J D , Yoon S H . Carbon, 2015,94:432. |
| [91] | Park Y S , Kim J Y , Lee S M . Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, 2011,14(4):A36. |
| [92] | Lee J H , Kim W J , Kim J Y , Lim S H , Lee S M . Journal of Power Sources, 2008,176(1):353. |
| [93] | Lee E H , Jeong B O , Jeong S H , Kim T J , Kim Y S , Jung Y . Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 2013,34(5):1435. http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=JCGMCS&py=2013&vnc=v34n5&sp=1435 |
| [94] | Kim S Y , Lee J , Kim B H , Kim Y J , Yang K S , Park M S ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016,8(19):12109. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.5b11628 |
| [95] | Yang Z , Yang Y , Guo H , Wang Z , Li X , Zhou Y , Wang J . Ionics, 2018,24(11):3405. |
| [96] | Choi S H , Nam G , Chae S , Kim D , Kim N , Kim W S , Ma J , Sung J , Han S M , Ko M , Lee H W , Cho J . Advanced Energy Materials, 2019,9(4):1803121. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/aenm.v9.4 |
| [97] | Li J Y , Li G , Zhang J , Yin Y X , Yue F S , Xu Q , Guo Y G . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019,11(4):4057. |
| [98] | Liu B , Lu H , Chu G , Luo F , Zheng J , Chen S , Li H . Chinese Physics B, 2018,27(8). |
| [99] | Li J , Wang J , Yang J , Ma X , Lu S . Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2016,688:1072. |
| [100] | Zhang J , Fang S , Qi X , Yu Z , Wu Z , Yang J , Lu S . Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2020,40:171. |
| [101] | Yang J , Lu S , Kan S , Zhang X , Du J . Chemical Communications, 2009, (22):3273. |
| [102] | Yoon S , Kim H , Seung M O . Journal of Power Sources, 2001,94:68. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775300006017 |
| [103] | Lu Z , Zhang L , Liu X . Journal of Power Sources, 2010,195(13):4304. |
| [104] | Wen Z S , Yang J , Wang B F , Wang K , Liu Y . Electrochemistry Communications, 2003,5(2):165. |
| [105] | Lee H Y , Lee S M . Electrochemistry Communications, 2004,6(5):465. |
| [106] | Zhu X , Choi S H , Tao R , Jia X , Lu Y . Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019,791:1105. |
| [107] | Park S W , Shim H W , Kim J C , Kim D W . Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2017,728:490. |
| [108] | Wu J B , Lin M L , Cong X , Liu H N , Tan P H . Chemical Society Reviews, 2018,47(5):1822. |
| [109] | Tao H , Xiong L , Zhu S , Zhang L , Yang X . Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2017,797:16. |
| [110] | Yu Y , Li G , Zhou S , Chen X , Lee H W , Yang W . Carbon, 2017, 120: 397. |
国家重点研发计划(2016YFB0100400)
国家自然科学基金项目(51604032)
北京市优秀人才培养资助项目(2017000097607G094)
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |