废旧锂离子电池正极材料及电解液的全过程回收及再利用
穆德颖 , 刘铸 , 金珊 , 刘元龙 , 田爽 , 戴长松
化学进展 ›› 2020, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (7) :950-965
废旧锂离子电池正极材料及电解液的全过程回收及再利用
The Recovery and Recycling of Cathode Materials and Electrolyte from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries in Full Process
作为发展势头迅猛的新型储能形式,锂离子电池缓解了能源领域对化石燃料的依赖,同时减轻了日益严峻的环境压力,但是数量巨大的废旧锂离子电池具有危险废弃物和高附加值可用资源的双重属性。因此,通过不同技术手段的创新和组合,实现组成成分日益多样化的废旧锂离子电池的高效回收和再利用具有巨大的挑战和特殊重要的现实意义。本文从预处理工艺出发,详细阐述了放电失活、分类拆解、粉碎筛分、酸浸除杂等一系列过程的技术手段和要求;从原料再生、结构修复以及再制备三个方面探讨了具有代表性的再利用思路,分析了各技术方法的优势和存在的问题。此外,对废旧电解液的无害化处理和回收进行了专题讨论,重点介绍了超临界CO2萃取工艺。最后,针对现阶段存在的问题提出展望,为后续开展废旧锂离子电池回收的相关研究及工业应用提供参考。
As a new type of energy storage devices with rapid development momentum, lithium ion batteries(LIBs)alleviate the dependence on fossil fuels in energy field and reduce the increasingly severe environmental pressure. A large number of spent lithium ion batteries are not only hazardous wastes, but also resources with high added value from different perspectives. Therefore, it is of great challenge and practical significance to realize high-efficient recycling and reuse of spent lithium ion batteries with progressively diverse components through innovation and combination of different technical means. Starting from the pretreatment process, the technical means and requirements of a series of processes such as deactivation and discharge, dismantling and classification, crushing and sieving, separation process, acid leaching and impurity removal are described in detail. This review discusses the typical strategies of reuse from three aspects and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various techniques in the process of material regeneration, structural repair and re-synthesis of cathode materials. In addition, the harmless treatment and recovery of spent electrolyte are discussed, especially the application of supercritical CO2 extraction process. Finally, the outlook is put forward in view of the existing problems at the present stage to provide references for subsequent research and industrial applications of spent lithium ion battery recycling.
1 Introduction
2 Overview of spent lithium ion battery recycling
3 Pretreatment of spent lithium ion batteries
3.1 Discharge and deactivation
3.2 Dismantling and classification
3.3 Crushing and sieving
3.4 Separation
4 Dissolution and purification of spent materials
4.1 Acid leaching process
4.2 Removal of impurities
5 Recycle and reuse of spent materials
5.1 Recovery of metals and raw materials
5.2 Direct regeneration of cathode materials
5.3 Re-synthesis of cathode materials
6 Non-hazardous treatment and recovery of spent electrolyte
6.1 Harmless disposal by conventional physical and chemical methods
6.2 Reclamation by supercritical CO2 extraction
7 Conclusion and outlook
废旧锂离子电池 / 回收再利用 / 预处理 / 材料合成 / 电解液 / 超临界CO2萃取
spent lithium ion batteries / recovery and recycling / pretreatment / material synthesis / electrolyte / supercritical CO2 extraction
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宁波市科技创新2025重大专项(2019B10114)
黑龙江省教育厅创新人才培养计划项目(UNPYSCT-2018138)
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