锂硫电池采用理论放电比能量高达2600 Wh/kg的单质硫作为正极活性物质,其能量密度是传统锂离子电池的5~6倍,可大幅提高电动汽车的续航里程和电子产品的使用时间。然而,锂硫电池正极充放电中间产物多硫化锂易溶于电解液,从而造成活性物质流失。在锂硫电池正极材料研究中,常采用多孔化处理或极性修饰,赋予正极载体一定的束硫能力,抑制多硫化锂的溶解。作为天然的纳米材料源,生物质纤维可利用其丰富的分级多孔结构和天然的杂原子掺杂特性对锂硫电池正极活性物质进行物理或化学吸附,从而提高电池的循环稳定性。本文分类综述了生物质纤维在锂硫电池正极材料中的应用,总结了生物质纤维衍生碳材料的功能化处理手段及束硫机理,分析了目前生物质纤维衍生碳材料正极载体研究中面临的主要问题,并展望了其在锂硫电池中的应用前景。
The elemental sulfur as an active cathode material in lithium sulfur batteries possess a high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh/kg, which is 5~6 times higher than that of traditional Li-ion batteries. Thus, the use of lithium sulfur batteries can significantly prolong the endurance mileage of electric cars and working time of electronic products. However, lithium sulfur batteries are suffering from the dissolution of polysulfide in the electrolyte during charging and discharging process, which can cause dramatic loss of active materials in the cathode. In order to suppress the problem of polysulfide dissolution, strategies such as porous modification and polarization were applied to increase the sulfiphilicity of cathode host. The biomass fibers are natural nanomaterial source to obtain cathode host materials which typically possess natural abundant hierarchical pores and heteroatoms. The porosity and heteroatom doping properties of biomass fiber derived host materials can be used to trap polysulfide via chemical and physical adsorption in cathode. The application of such materials in cathode are beneficial for slowing down the decay rate of cycling stability in lithium sulfur batteries. This review provides an overview and discussion on the application, working mechanism, problems and prospects of the biomass fibers derived cathode host for lithium sulfur batteries.
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