| [3] | Li N, Lu X K, He M T, Duan X G, Yan B B, Chen G Y, Wang S B. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 414, 125478. |
| [4] | Zodrow K R, Li Q L, Buono R M, Chen W, Daigger C, Dueñas-Osorio L D, Elimelech M, Huang X, Jiang G B, Kim J-H, Logan B E, Sedlak D L, Westerhoff P, Alvarez P J J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 10274- 10281. |
| [5] | Gassie L W, Englehardt J D. Water Res. 2017, 125, 384- 399. |
| [6] | Zhuang H F, Han H J, Jia S Y, Hou B L, Zhao Q. Bioresour. Technol. 2014, 166, 592- 595. |
| [7] | Cheng Z L, Quan X J, Xiang J X, Huang Y M, Xu Y L. J. Environ. Sci. 2012, 24, 1317- 1326. |
| [8] | Phan D D, Babick F, Nguyen M T, Wessely B, Stintz M. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2017, 173, 242- 252. |
| [9] | Hodges B C, Cates E L, Kim J-H. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2018, 13, 642- 650. |
| [10] | Wang H Y, Di J W, Yang X B, Mamba B B, Lau C H, Shao L. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep. 164, 2025, 100969. |
| [11] | Lu N, Liu F. Adv. Mater. 2024, 2311419. |
| [12] | Zhen Y F, Sun Z Q, Qie H, Zhang Y X, Liu C H, Lu D W, Wang W, Tian Y, Ma J. App. Catal. B: Environ. 2023, 324, 122188. |
| [13] | Chang J L, Yu B L, Peng X M, Zhang P, Xu X. Water Res. 2025, 272, 122960. |
| [14] | Ly Q V, Cui L L, Asif M B, Khan W, Nghiem L D, HwangY , Zhang Z H. Water Res. 2023, 230, 119577. |
| [15] | Qian J S, Gao X, Pan B C. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 8509- 8526. |
| [16] | Dai H X, Li N, Ye J Y, Zhao J H, He X, Duan X G, Yan B B, Chen G Y, Wang S B. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 472, 144861. |
| [17] | Sun M, Zucker I, Davenport D M, ZhouX C , Qu J H, Elimelech M. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 8674- 8683. |
| [18] | Mao X, Liu B, Deng L, Chang H Q, Zhang B. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2025, 59, 19630- 19643. |
| [19] | Yu Y Y, Zhou Z B, Huang G C, Cheng H, Han L, Zhao S H, Chen Y C, Meng F G. Water Res. 2022, 222, 118901. |
| [20] | Zhang Y Y, He C, Sharma V K, Li X Z, Tian S H, Xiong Y. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2011, 80, 45- 51. |
| [21] | Zhu B, Hu Y X, Kennedy S, Milne N, Morris G, Jin W Q, Gray S, Duke M. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 378, 61- 72. |
| [22] | Luo M L, Zhao J Q, Tang W, Pu C S. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2005, 249, 76- 84. |
| [23] | Zhao X Y, Khan I A, Asif M B, Zhang Z H. App. Catal. B: Environ. 2026, 381, 125877. |
| [24] | Xu X, Xu Z, Gao Z, Wang T, Ta M, Zhang F, Li Q, Shang Y, Ren Z, Geng L, Bai C, Zhen Y. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e23688. |
| [25] | Guo J, Lei M, Huang J, Shen F, Liu C, Liu D, Ye L, Xu X, Li Y. Small, 2026, 22, e10804. |
| [24] | Wang M X, Sun Y J, Huang C, Wang P, Cheng H, Sun C Y, Jiang D N, Ling D X, Ouyang K, Feng C L. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2023, 318, 123946. |
| [25] | Xue L, Lü Z P, Cheng Y Z, Sun X Y, Lin H T, Xiao X L, Liu X F, Zhuo S P. Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 8494- 8497. |
| [26] | Li Y F, Zhang Q P, Chong Y N, HuangE-H, Chen C L, Jin X J, Chen G X, Fan Z Y, Qiu Y C, Ye D Q. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2024, 58, 5153- 5161. |
| [27] | Zhang S, Sun M, Hedtke T, Deshmukh A, Zhou X H, Weon S H, Elimelech M, Kim J-H. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 10868- 10875. |
| [28] | Chen W, Pan X, Willinger M G, Su D S, Bao X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 3136- 3137. |
| [29] | Yao D, Wang Y, Katherine H-L, Li A, Zhao Y, Lv J, Huang S, Ma X. ACS Catal. 2019, 9, 2969- 2976. |
| [30] | Ma H, Feng G, Zhang X, Song C, Xu R, Shi Y, Wang P, Xu Z, Wang G, Fan X, Pan Z. Chemosphere, 2024, 347, 140698. |
| [31] | Liu T, XiaoS, Li N, Chen J, Zhou X, Qian Y, Huang C-H, Zhang Y. Nat. Commun., 2023, 14, 2881. |
| [32] | Ma H, Zhang X, Xu X, Feng G, Pan Z, Xu R, Wang P, Yu Y, Wang G, Fan X, Song C. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 471, 144323. |
| [33] | Fan Y, Zhu R, Liu J, Yang J, Zhong J, Ding D, Ma Y, Liang Y, Chen R, Xia Y, Feng H, Ding Y. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2026, 397, 138148. |
| [34] | Zhang W, Zhang S Z, Meng C C, Zhang Z H. App. Catal. B: Environ. 2023, 322, 122098. |
| [35] | Chen Y, Zhang G, Liu H J, Qu J H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 8134- 8138. |
| [36] | Wang Z, Meng C C, Zhang W, Zhang S Z, Yang B, Zhang Z H. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 814, 152698. |
| [37] | Lu N, Li Y L, Wang J Q, Li G L, Li G W, Liu F, Tang C Y. Mater. Horiz. 2025, 12, 1944- 1952. |
| [38] | Zhang W Y, Xu H, Xie F, Ma X H, Niu B, Chen M Q, Zhang H Y, Zhang Y Y, Long D H. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 471. |
| [39] | Wang J, Zhang Z J, Zhu J N, Tian M T, Zheng S C, Wang F D, Wang X D, Wang L. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 3540. |
| [40] | Tian M T, Liu Y, Zhang S Z, Yu C, Ostrikov K, Zhang Z H. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 391. |
| [41] | Li G L, Wang W, Liu Y, Fang Q L, Lu N, Chen J P, Xu S T, Liu F. J. Membr. Sci. 2022, 644, 120156. |
| [42] | Chu C H, Yang J, Zhou X C, Huang D H, Qi H F, Weon S, Li J F, Elimelech M, Wang A Q, Kim J-H. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 55, 1242- 1250. |
| [43] | Shi Y Q, Li G L, Lu N, Zhang Z H, Liu Y, Tang C Y, Liu F. App. Catal. B: Environ. 2026, 382, 125900. |
| [44] | Zhang L P, Liu Z, Faraj Y, Zhao Y, Zhuang R, Xie R, Ju X J, Wang W, Chu L Y. J. Membr. Sci. 2019, 573, 493- 503. |
| [45] | Fang Q L, Niu H R, Liu H Y, Fan E R, Shen Y, Liu J N. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2025, 378, 134764. |
| [46] | Wang F, Hou X Y , He R Z, Song J C, Xie Y F, Yang Z H, Liu X. Membranes 2025, 15, 384. |
| [47] | Wang J Q, Wu Z Y, Li T T, Ye J R, Shen L Q, She Z, Liu F. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 334, 579- 586. |
| [48] | Xie J, Liao Z P, Zhang M, Ni L H, Qi J W, Wang C H, Sun X Y, Wang L J, Wang S B, Li J S. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 2652- 2661. |
| [49] | Wang Y L, Fan S Q, Xiao Z Y, Mai Z H, Bai K, Chen J J, Chen Y, Liu J Y. J. Membr. Sci. 2022, 643, 120014. |
| [50] | Yang C, Han N, Zhang W X, Wang W J, Li W, Xia B L, Han C Y, Cui Z Y, Zhang X X. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 374, 1382- 1393. |
| [51] | Dekkouche S, Morales-Torres S, Ribeiro A R, Faria J L, Fontàs C, Kebiche-Senhadji O, Silva A M T. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 427, 131476. |
| [52] | Zhao P, Wang J C, Cao D, Li R, Yu Q Y, Zhao X L, Chen C J, Liu G Y. Adv. Mater. 2025, e19376. |
| [53] | Lin H B, Fang Q L, Wang W, Li G L, Guan J M, Shen Y, Ye J R, Liu F. App. Catal. B: Environ. 2020, 273, 119047. |
| [54] | Lu N, Lin H B, Li G L, Wang J Q, Han Q, Liu F. J. Membr. Sci. 2021, 639, 119782. |
| [55] | Guo J R, Gao B Y, Li Q, Wang S B, Shang Y N, Duan X G, Xu X. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2403965. |
| [56] | Ma W, Sun M, Huang D H, Chu C H, Hedtke T, Wang X X, Zhao Y M, Kim J-H, Elimelech M. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56, 8733- 8745. |
| [57] | Gao Y F, Liang S, Jiang C X, Gu M Y, Zhang Q B, Abdelhafiz A, Zhang Z, Han Y, Yang Y, Zhang X Y, Liang P, Li J, Huang X. Sci. Adv. 2025, 11, eads7154. |
| [58] | Yang Y L, Li H, Fu W Y, Hu Z W, Yang R Q, Xu H, Chang Q B, Wang Q K, Wang Y Q, Chen X X, Pan B C. Nat. Water 2025, 3, 1281- 1290. |
| [59] | Shao Y Y, Li G L, Lu N, Wang J Q, Gao J, Lin H B, Liu C H, Y. Tang C Y, Tian G Y, Liu F. J. Membr. Sci. 2025, 735, 124574. |
| [60] | Zhang S, Hedtke T, Wang L, Wang X, Cao T, Elimelech M, Kim J-H. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 16708- 16715. |
| [61] | W. Qu, C. Chen, Z. Tang, D. Xia, D. Ma, Y. Huang, Q. Lian, C. He, D. Shu, B. Han, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2022, 304, 120970. |
| [62] | Meng C, Wang Z, Zhang W, Cui L, Yang B, Xie H, Zhang Z. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 449, 137811. |
| [63] | Asif M B, Zhang S, Qiu L, Zhang Z. Chem Catal. 2022, 2, 550- 562. |
| [64] | Chang D, Wang J, Xu T, Lei Y, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Xie Y, Zou H, Liu M, Yang Q, Wang X. J. Membr. Sci. 2026, 743, 125197. |
| [65] | Lu N, Lin H, Wang J, Han Q, Liu F, Tang C Y. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2025, 59, 16731- 16742. |
| [66] | Lu N, Lin H, Xu S, Wang J, Han Q, Liu F. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 442, 136069. |
| [67] | Zhang M, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhang W, Guo Z, Xu D, Tang X, Bai L, Liang H. Water Res. 2026, 291, 125147. |
| [68] | Tian Q B, Jiang Y, Duan X G, Li Q, Gao Y, Xu X. Water Res. 2025, 268, 122621. |
| [69] | Grommet A B, Feller M, Klajn R. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2020, 15, 256- 271. |
| [70] | Meng Y, Liu Y Q, Wang C, Si Y, Wang Y J, Xia W Q, Liu T, Cao X, Guo Z Y, Chen J J, Li W W. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 5314. |
| [71] | Yang Z C, Qian J S, Yu A Q, Pan B C. PNAS 2019, 116, 6659- 6664. |
| [72] | Lu N, Lin H B, Xu S T, Wang J Q, Han Q, Liu F. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 442, 130069. |
| [73] | Meng C C, Ding B F, Zhang S Z, Cui L L, Ostrikov K K, Huang Z Y, Yang B, Kim J-H, Zhang Z H. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 4010. |
| [74] | Zhang H, Duan Y H, Elimelech M, Wang Y K. Nat. Water 2025, 3, 1038- 1047. |
| [75] | Chen B Z, Zhang M, Wang L, Li L, Han Q, Liu X, Wang M X, Liu B, Jiang Y, Wang Z Y. App. Catal. B: Environ. 2025, 363, 124827. |
| [76] | Jaramillo H, Boo C, Hashmi S M, Elimelech M. J. Membr. Sci. 2021, 618, 118568. |
| [77] | Duan Y H, Wang R Y, Shocron A N, Elimelech M. Nat. Water 2025, 3, 949- 962. |
| [78] | Lindsey M E, Tarr M A. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 34, 444- 449. |
| [79] | Karthik G, Mohan S, Balakrishna R G. ACS ES&T Water 2024, 4, 4454- 4463. |
| [80] | Zhang S, Hedtke T, Zhu Q H, Sun M, Weon S H, Zhao Y M, Stavitski E, Elimelech M, Kim J-H. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 9266- 9275. |
| [81] | Wang T, Grooth J, Wiebe M. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62( 19), 7622- 7634. |
| [82] | Kang Y Y, Gu Z N, Ma B W, Zhang W, Sun J Q, Huang X Y, Hu C Z, Choi W Y, Qu J H. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 6590. |
| [83] | Lee J, Gunten U, Kim J-H. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54 ( 6), 3064- 3081. |
| [84] | Wan Z H, Chae S H , Meese A F, Nwokonkwo O, Arrazolo L, Yip K L, Ma X H, Liu S D, Muhich C, Wang D J, Wei H R, Kim J-H. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 9672. |
| [85] | Wu Z L, Xiong Z K, Liu R, He C S, Liu Y, Pan Z C, Yao G, Bo Lai B. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 427, 128204. |
| [86] | Zeng T, Zhang X L, Wang S H, Niu H Y, Cai Y Q. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 2350- 2357. |
| [87] | Huang J B, Hao M Y, Mao B G, Zheng L R, Zhu J, Cao M H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202114899. |
| [88] | Zhang Y Y, Zhang H Y, Cai Z Q, Zhang Z H. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2025, 59, 35, 19081- 19093. |
| [89] | Wang Z C, Xiang M Q, Huo B J, Wang J X, Yang L, Ma W, Qi J G, Wang Y L, Zhu Z Y, Meng F Q. Nano Energy 2023, 107, 108162. |
| [90] | Liang L H, Cao J Z, Zhang Y Y, Liu X Y, Li J, Yang B, Lv W Y, Yang Q, Xing M Y. PNAS 2024, 121, e2403766121. |
| [91] | Chen Z, An F L, Zhang Y Y, Liang Z Y, Liu W Y, Xing M Y. PNAS 2023, 120, e2305933120. |
| [92] | Su R D, Gao Y X, Chen L, Chen Y, Li N, Liu W, Gao B Y, Li Q. PNAS 2024, 121, e2319427121. |
| [93] | Tiwari J, Tarale P, Sivanesan S, Bafana A. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. 2019, 26, 28650- 28667. |
| [94] | Hu X, Zhou J, Zhang Y P, Chai Y L, Zhang S Y, Tian Q, Li F. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2025, 355, 129593. |
| [95] | Mao Y S, Yu B N, Wang P F, Yue S, Zhan S. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 6364. |
| [96] | Yan N, Zhang J M, Ren T F, Yin M G, Huang X, Zhang X Y. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2025, 59, 19547- 19558. |
| [97] | Yangali-Quintanilla V, Maeng S K, Fujioka T, Kennedy M, Amy G. J. Membr. Sci. 2010, 362, 334- 345. |
| [98] | Wen Y, Dai R B, Li X S, Zhang X R, Cao X Z, Wu Z C, Lin S H, Y. Tang C Y, Wang Z W. Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, eabm4149. |
| [99] | He K C, Li W, Tang L X, Chen L Y, Wang G, Liu Q, Xin X D, Yang C, Wang Z B, Lv S H, Xing D F. App. Catal. B: Environ. 2023, 338, 123077. |
| [100] | Wu X H, Rigby K, Huang D H, Hedtke T, Wang X X, Chung M W, Weon S, Stavitski E, Kim J-H. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56, 1341- 1351. |
| [101] | Tshangana C S, Nhlengethwa S T, Glass S, Denison S, Kuvarega A T, Nkambule T T I, Mamba B B, Alvarez Pedro J J, Muleja A A. npj Clean Water 2025, 8, 41. |
| [102] | Amin M A, Sobhani Z, Liu Y J, Dharmaraja R, Chadalavada S, Naidu R, Chalker J M, Fang C. Environ. Technol. Innov. 2020, 19, 100879. |
| [103] | Mabaso N S N, Tshangana C S, Muleja A A. Membrane 2024, 14, 217. |
| [104] | Eke J, Banks L, Mottaleb M A, Morris A J, Tsyusko O V, Escobar I C. Membrane 2020, 11, 18. |
| [105] | Liu F Z , HuaL K , Zhang W. Environ. Int. 2020, 143, 105969. |
| [106] | Kuch H M, Ballschmiter K. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 3201- 3206. |
| [107] | Svensson Grape E, Chacón-García A J, Rojas S, Pérez Y, Jaworski A, Nero M, Åhlén M, Martínez-Ahumada E, Galetsa Feindt A E, Pepillo M, Narongin-Fujikawa M, Ibarra I A, Cheung O, Baresel C, Willhammar T, Horcajada P, Inge A K. Nat. Water 2023, 1, 433- 442. |
| [108] | Lotfi S, Fischer K, Schulze A, Schäfer A I. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2022, 17, 417- 423. |
| [109] | Chen X X, Fu W Y, Luo H, Xu H, Yang Y L, Zhang X H, Pan B C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, e21747. |
| [110] | Zhang X, Yang C, An P, Cui C, Ma Y, Liu H, Wang H, Yan X, Li G, Tang Z. Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, eadd5678. |
| [111] | Jin Z, Wang L, Zuidema E, Mondal K, Zhang M, Zhang J, Wang C, Meng X, Yang H, Mesters C, Xiao F. Science 2020, 367, 193. |
| [112] | Zhou H, Yi X F, Hui Y, Wang L, Chen W, Qin Y C, Wang M, Ma J B, Chu X F, Wang Y Q, Hong X, Chen Z F, Meng X J, Wang H, Zhu Q Y, Song L J, Zheng A M, Xiao F S. Science 2021, 372, 76. |
| [113] | Zhen J Z, Sun J H, Xu X W, Wu Z L, Song W K, Ying Y Z, Liang S K, Miao L S, Cao J Z, Lv W Y, Song C S, Yao Y Y, Xing M Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202402669. |
| [114] | Li X, Pang S, Zhang Y H, Fu J W, He G D, Song B, Peng D L, Zhang X Q, Jiang L. Nat. Commun. 2024, 36, 2310954. |
| [115] | Pang S, Peng D L, Hao Y W, Song B, Zhang X Q, Jiang L. Matter 2023, 6, 1173- 1187. |
| [116] | Fang Z Y, Li X, Bai Y J, Zhang Y H, He G D, Pang S, Xia F, Peng D L, Zhang X Q, Jiang L. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 6012. |
| [117] | Men X, Wang F, Chen G Q, Zhang H B, Xian M. Int. J.Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 50. |
| [118] | Zhang Y H, Pang S, Fu J W, Li X, MoZeng Y T, He G D, Fang Z Y, Li W, Peng D L, Zhang X Q, Jiang L. JACS 147, 14, 12150- 12161. |