纳米材料表面化学作用之电子结构原理
The Electronic Principle of Nanomaterial Surface Chemistry
It is the scientific goal of basic research in the field of nanomaterials to reveal the physical and chemical mechanisms, common laws and universal principles of surface chemical effects of nanomaterials at the level of electronic structure.However, due to the lack of mature research strategies and systematic theoretical cognitive framework, and the long-term imperfection of relevant concepts and principles, the theoretical understanding in the field of nanochemistry lags far behind the experimental exploration. Based on the author's recent research results, this paper introduces the concept and theoretical cognition system of surface chemical interaction of nanomaterials at the electronic structure level based on the surface valence orbital competition reconstruction mechanism; Based on the model of competition and interaction between the electronic States of surface chemisorption and the band States of nanomaterials, some basic common scientific problems in the field of surface chemistry of nanomaterials are solved self-consistently. Firstly, it is clarified that the physical origin of the dialectical relationship of unity of opposites between surface activity and stability of nanomaterials lies in the normalization principle of wave function. Secondly, it is revealed that there are two physical mechanisms for the general enhancement of the surface chemical activity of nanomaterials by size reduction: one is to weaken the binding strength of the surface valence atomic orbitals, and the other is to amplify the effects of other structural parameters such as defects. Thirdly, the nanoscale cooperative chemisorption (NCC) model is established to reveal the electronic structure mechanism and common law of ligand coverage regulating the band electronic state and physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials. (4) revealing the physical significance of the size (R), specific surface area (S/V), surface ligand and coverage (θ) of nanomaterials in the change of electronic structure state in the chemical action of nanomaterials.
Revealing The intrinsic electronic principles driving the surface chemistry of nanomaterials is a central goal in nanoscience;however,the concepts and theoretical frameworks have long remained incomplete and unsystematic.this review systematically introduces a theoretical framework to reveal the interaction mechanisms and trends of surface ligands with nanomaterials at the electronic level,on the basis of competitive orbital redistribution in chemisorption and a concept of orbital potential,the characteristic electronic attribute directly determining surface reactivity.Based on the competitive interactions between surface coordination bonds and bulk energy bands,This theoretical framework can provide coherent answers to these key scientific issues.(1)the opposite and uniform relation of surface activity and stability in nanomaterials originates from the normalization principle of wavefunctions.(2)the physical nature of enhanced surface activity by size reduction lies in two mechanisms:weakening the constrain strength to surface valence atomic orbitals by nanomaterial energy bands,and amplifying the effects of other structural parameters like defects.(3)Nanoscale cooperative chemisorption(NCC)model generally reveals the electronic-level mechanisms and common rules how ligand coverage regulates the energy band states and physical/chemical properties of nanomaterials.(4)the roles and interaction mechanisms of nanomaterial size(r),specific surface area(S/V),surface ligands,and ligand coverage(θ)in nanomaterial surface chemical reactions are elucidated.
1 Introduction
2 Nanomaterial surface chemistry
2.1 Key science issues
2.2 Three types of understanding viewpoints
2.3 Nanomaterial surface coordination chemistry
2.4 Four modes of nanomaterial surface effects
3 Electronic principle of structure-function relationships
3.1 Structure-function relationship in physical science
3.2 Electronic attributes
3.3 Quantum size effect
4 Chemisorption model based on competitive orbital redistribution
4.1 Chemisorption interaction
4.2 Competitive redistribution of surface valence orbitals
4.3 Orbital potential
4.4 Structure-function relationship of surface reactivity
5 Electronic principle of size-dependent surface reactivity
5.1 Meaning of surface activity
5.2 Mathematic model of surface reactivity
5.3 Dual roles of size reduction in enhancing surface reactivity
6 Nanoscale competitive chemisorption model
6.1 Relationship of energy band and surface reactivity
6.2 Nanoscale competitive chemisorption model
6.3 The roles of r,S/V,andθin nanosurface chemistry
6.4 Two-electronic-state competition model
6.5 The uniform principle of ligand effect on photoluminescence
7 Comparison of typical adsorption models
7.1 Adsorption isotherm model
7.2 Electronic model of chemisorption
7.3 Chemisorption model of nanomaterial
8 Summary and outlook
纳米表面化学 / 轨道重构 / 尺寸效应 / 表面效应 / 电子结构原理 / 纳米尺度协同化学吸附
nanomaterial surface chemistry / orbital redistribution / size effect / surface effect / electronic principle / nanoscale cooperative chemisorption
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国家自然科学基金项目(21801012)
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