Research progress of MV₃O₈ (M=Li⁺, Na⁺, NH₄⁺) as lithium intercalated materials for lithium ion batteries in recent years are reviewed,especially with emphasis on their crystal structures, charge-discharge mechanisms, synthesis methods and electrochemical properties. The advantage and disadvantage of the involved three kinds of vanadium-related materials are well compared on the basis of our group's research. Till now, LiV₃O₈ has been widely studied and large progress has been made via employing the novel preparation strategies, effective doping or modification methods. However, the intrinsic inferior structure has become a big challenge for its further study and applications. Due to the relatively stable layered structure, NaV₃O₈ has good cycling stability and excellent rate capability, thus it exhibits a great potential to be used as a high-power and long-cycling life cathode material for non-aqueous lithium ion battery, as well as high performance anode material for aqueous lithium ion battery. In comparison with LiV₃O₈, NH₄V₃O₈ shows comparable capacity, much easier preparation and better cycling stability probably due to its formation of intra molecular H-bond. It is believed that NH₄V₃O₈ could become a new research topic in vanadates as intercalated materials for lithium ion batteries. Contents
1 Introduction
2 LiV₃O₈
2.1 Crystal structure
2.2 Charge-discharge mechanism of LiV₃O₈ used as cathode material for Li-ion battery
2.3 Synthesis methods
2.4 Effect factors of electrochemical performance
2.5 Modification studies
2.6 LiV₃O₈ as anode material for aqueous Li-ion battery
3 NaV₃O₈
3.1 Crystal structure
3.2 Charge-discharge mechanism of NaV₃O₈ used as cathode material for Li-ion battery
3.3 Synthesis and electrochemical performance
4 NH₄V₃O₈
4.1 Crystal structure
4.2 Charge-discharge mechanism of NH₄V₃O₈ used as cathode material for Li-ion battery
4.3 Synthesis and electrochemical performance
5 Conclusions and outlook