The application and development of electrochemical sensors and sensing methods in the field of cell detection are introduced briefly, aiming at the core problems in cell detection, such as detection of tumor cell activity, neurotransmitters in nerve cells and oxidative damage in macrophages. The design, fabrication, detection and application of electrochemical sensors with different microelectrode structures are discussed in details. It is shown that electrochemical sensors have developed from single detection electrode to integrated multi-functional and array electrode, and from single electrode sensing detection mode to chip integrated microelectrode sensing system. However, its biocompatibility, detection limit and detection efficiency need to be further improved and expanded. The development of microelectrode based on MEMS(Micro-electro-mechanical system)technology, the research of various chemical and biological modified sensitive film on the electrode surface, the material expansion from silicon-based to polymer flexible base electrode, and the development of small volume, implantable and wearable electrochemical and biochemical sensors are the current development directions. It has also illustrated great application prospects in clinical examination, precision medicine, sports health monitoring, elderly health services and many other fields.