Recently, covalent organic frameworks(COFs) materials have received considerable attention by scholars for their superior characteristics of stable and modifiable structure, high specific surface area, large porosity, and easy functionalization. By controlling the pore size, shape and linkage of COFs materials, as well as the post-synthetic modification, the functional COFs materials have excellent performance in broad areas of gas storage and separations, sensors, drug delivery, etc. Especially in the fields of environmental chemistry, the COFs materials are posing noteworthy concerns in their environmental application. This article reviews the structure control, classification of COFs materials and their application in detecting and removing pollutants, including adsorption and catalysis of heavy metal ions, radionuclides, organic and gaseous pollutants. By changing the size and shape of building units, as well as introducing special functional groups and active sites, the interaction between pollutants and COFs materials have been strengthened via hydrogen bonds, π-π interaction, Van der Waals forces, etc. Consequently, the COFs materials have excellent performance in environmental applications. Eventually, the application prospects and future research directions of COFs materials in the field of environmental remediation are prospected, which may be helpful for future related research.