3D printing to prepare ceramics can realize structure-material design integration, which provides new opportunities for rapid prototyping of ceramic materials with complex shapes. However, traditional 3D printing for preparing ceramics uses ceramic powder or ceramic particles as the printing material, which has problems such as poor dimensional accuracy of ceramic components, low surface finish, and poor mechanical properties. In recent years, the emergence of technology that uses polymer precursors to produce ceramic materials with complex shapes through processes of 3D printing molding and pyrolysis provides new methods to improve this situation. It has become one of the most popular research topics in the field of 3D printing to prepare ceramics. This article summarizes the research progress of 3D printing of polymer precursor derived high performance ceramics, focusing on research status of the five typical material systems: bulk polymer precursors, polymer precursors/photosensitive compounds blends, polymer precursors/thiol compounds blends, photosensitive group-modified polymer precursors, and reinforcement/polymer precursors. Besides, an outlook for future development of 3D printing of polymer precursor derived advanced ceramics is given.