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Fabrication and Application of Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Functional Surface

Sicheng Yuan , Dan Lin , Xiguang Zhang , Huaiyuan Wang

Progress in Chemistry ›› 2021, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1) : 87 -96.

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Progress in Chemistry ›› 2021, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1) : 87-96 DOI: 10.7536/PC200446
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Fabrication and Application of Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Functional Surface
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Abstract

Nepenthes-inspired Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surface(SLIPS) is prepared by injecting lubricating oil like perfluorinated liquid, silicone oil or ionic liquid into a pre-constructed substrate that contains porous or hierarchical rough structures. Due to the capillary force and van der Waals force, the dynamic oil film can be stably locked in the rough substrate. SLIPS exhibits excellent liquid repulsion, self-healing properties, high-pressure stability because of chemically homogeneous surface and unique liquid-solid combined interface, and it has become a research focus in the field of surface interfaces in the past decade. Its application fields mainly include anti-icing, anti-corrosion, anti-marine fouling, high transparency materials, etc. Therefore, it exhibits tremendous application prospects in liquid transportation, solar cell surface, deep-sea anti-fouling, etc. After introducing the main methods of constructing the micro/nano structures required by SLIPS, the research progress in the fields of anti-icing, anti-marine pollution and anti-bacteria, anti-corrosion and transparency in the past five years have also been described in detail. Finally, the prospects of SLIPS in future application fields and challenges are envisaged.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Fabrication methods of SLIPS

2.1 Electrochemical method

2.2 Hydrothermal method

2.3 Spray/Spin/Dip coating

2.4 Lithography

2.5 Other Methods

3 Applications of SLIPS

3.1 Anti-icing and icephobic

3.2 Anti-marine biofouling

3.3 Anti-corrosion

3.4 Transparency

3.5 Other applications

4 Conclusion and outlook

Graphical abstract

Keywords

interface / surface / porous structures / SLIPS / slippery

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Sicheng Yuan, Dan Lin, Xiguang Zhang, Huaiyuan Wang. Fabrication and Application of Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Functional Surface. Progress in Chemistry, 2021, 33(1): 87-96 DOI:10.7536/PC200446

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1 Introduction

Surfaces with special wettability, such as super-hydrophobic, super-oleophobic, super-amphiphobic and biomimetic surfaces, have been a research hotspot in recent years because of their broad application prospects in the field of engineering[1 ⇓ ⇓~4][1,5][6,7][8 ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓~13]. Among them, inspired by the lip leaf structure of pitcher plants in nature, Aizenberg of Harvard University first proposed the concept of Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surface (SLIPS) in 2011, which attracted wide attention of researchers[14][15]. The SLIPS of this study is a chemically homogeneous surface covered by a smooth oil film obtained by injecting perfluorinated lubricating oil on a rough and porous substrate. The unique liquid-solid composite interface of SLIPS makes it show high transparency, high pressure stability, self-healing ability and stability in high and low temperature environments. Because of its excellent performance, SLIPS has been favored by many scholars in recent years, and its preparation methods have been developed from the previous complex lithography and template method to the current simple sol-gel method, hydrothermal method and electrochemical method, and its application scope has also been broadened to self-healing, extensive lyophobic, droplet manipulation and transportation, drag reduction and so on. In a word, SLIPS shows broad and attractive application prospects and advantages.
In this paper, the main methods of preparing SLIPS by domestic and foreign researchers in recent years are summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are described. In addition, the latest applications in the main fields of anti-icing, anti-marine biological pollution, anti-corrosion and transparency are also summarized. Finally, the preparation methods, regulation and future application fields of SLIPS surface are analyzed and prospected, in order to provide reference for the development of SLIPS functional surface and the progress of related fields.

2 Method for preparing SLIPS

Three principles must be followed in the preparation of SLIPS: (1) the lubricant must be wetted and stably adhered to the substrate; (2) the solid must be wetted preferentially by the lubricating fluid rather than by the repelling fluid; (3) The lubricating fluid must be immiscible with the repelled fluid. The first principle is the requirement for the matrix structure, namely the micro/nano roughness, the large surface area of which provides greater capillary force and chemical affinity for the liquid, both of which contribute to the complete wetting and adhesion of the lubricant. The second principle indicates that the following surface energy requirements need to be met in order to obtain a stable lubricant film:
$\Delta E_{1}=E_{A}-E_{1}=R(\gamma_{B}cos\theta_{B}-\gamma_{A}cos\theta_{A})-\gamma_{AB}$
$\Delta E_{2}=E_{A}-E_{2}=R(\gamma_{B}cos\theta_{B}-\gamma_{A}cos\theta_{A})+\gamma_{A}-\gamma_{B}$
Where the $\gamma_{A}$ and the $\gamma_{B}$ are the surface energies of the repelled liquid and the lubricating liquid, respectively, and the $\gamma_{AB}$ is the interfacial tension between the two liquids.The $\gamma_{SB}$ and the $\gamma_{SA}$ are the interfacial tensions between different liquids and solids respectively, the $\theta_{A}$ and the $\theta_{B}$ are the contact angles between two liquids and a solid at equilibrium respectively, and R is the roughness. The third principle requires the selection of appropriate lubricants (vegetable oil, mineral oil, silicone oil, perfluoropolyether and ionic liquids, etc.). The most common way to prepare SLIPS is to inject low surface energy lubricating oil into the superhydrophobic surface. The following is a detailed summary of the main methods, development status, advantages and disadvantages, and future development trends of the rough structure needed to construct SLIPS.

2.1 Electrochemistry

Xiang et al. Constructed Zn-Ni-Co porous structure on mild steel by electroplating, and formed SLIPS after low surface energy modification and oil injection[16]. The morphology of the Zn-Ni coated mild steel changed from a dense structure to a porous structure and was uniformly distributed on the substrate surface after the CoSO4·7H2O chemical replacement reaction for 10 min (Fig. 1A), and the resulting SLIPS exhibited excellent long-term corrosion resistance and self-healing ability. Wang et al. Put Zn sheet as anode and stainless steel as cathode into electrolyte, and obtained rod-like ZnO morphology after electrochemical reaction. SLIPS can block the penetration of corrosive medium due to the stable existence of oil layer[17]. Xu et al. used a titanium sheet as the working electrode and a graphene sheet as the reference electrode to obtain a nanoporous structure through two-step anodization, low surface energy modification and perfluoropolyether oil injection to obtain SLIPS (Fig. 1b)[18]. The morphology of the surface constructed by the method can be controlled by adjusting various parameters in the electrochemical reaction process, such as the concentration of the electrolyte solution, the voltage and current, and the reaction time. Has the advantages of low cost and simplicity, and can efficiently regulate and control the obtained multilevel structure. The disadvantage is that it is only limited to the conductive substrate, and the electrolyte waste liquid will cause greater pollution[19]. In the future, the construction of hierarchical structures by electrochemical methods should be more oriented towards low voltage, energy saving and less pollution, as well as non-metallic substrates (such as conductive polymers) to expand their application scope.

2.2 Hydrothermal method

At present, most of the research on SLIPS by hydrothermal method focuses on the growth of crystal structures with different morphologies on Mg, Al, Zn and non-metals to lock oil[20,21][22,23][24][25,26]. Wang et al. Obtained a vertically grown diamond array nanostructure on a Ni wafer by a hydrothermal method, and then used two ionic liquids, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, as lubricants to obtain SLIPS after injection (Figure 2a)[27]. The obtained SLIPS has excellent repellency to hot water, and the ionic liquid oil layer has a self-repairing effect under external impact (such as knife scraping and friction), and water droplets can still slide on the surface to maintain the stability thereof. Guo et al., Institute of Lanhua, Chinese Academy of Sciences, grew ZnO arrays on KOH-etched silicon wafers by hydrothermal method, which is different from the previous absorption of lubricating oil by capillary action and Van der Waals force. ZnO generates hole-electron pairs under ultraviolet irradiation and is chemically bonded with lubricating oil PDMS through Zn-O-Si (Fig. 2b).After 7 days of exposure to sunlight and 25 heating/cooling cycles, SLIPS still showed excellent water harvesting efficiency and self-healing[26]. The hydrothermal method has simple steps, can control the size and the morphology of the grown crystal grains by adjusting the time, the temperature and the concentration of the precursor solution, and has a regular structure, but has the disadvantages of high temperature and high pressure and high dependence on equipment. In the future, the hydrothermal method should be more focused on the development of short time and stable structure in the construction of rough structure required by SLIPS, which can save costs and improve the durability of oil layers.

2.3 Spray, spin and dip coating

Yuan et al. Sprayed PVDF, silica sol and carbon nanotubes, and after thermal curing, a three-dimensional network structure containing micro-nano pores and intertwined SiO2 and carbon nanotubes was obtained[28]. In the stability test, it can withstand high speed, strong acid and alkali immersion, sandpaper friction test and 10 d corrosion test, showing excellent mechanical stability and chemical stability. Recently, Guo et al. Used hydroxyapatite nanowires as a substance to enhance biocompatibility and food safety, and constructed a three-dimensional network structure after spraying (Fig. 3A). At the same time, hydroxyapatite nanowires were also used as an oil lock layer for the construction of SLIPS[29]. Togasawa et al. spin coated phenyltriethoxysilane after sol-gel reaction onto UV/ozone treated substrates and treated with oleic acid as a lubricant to obtain SLIPS (fig. 3B)[30]. Due to the high density of π electrons, the obtained film has OH-π interaction with oleic acid, has high chemical affinity, and lubricating oil can stably and effectively exist on the surface. The three methods are easy to operate and low in cost,
It is suitable for large-scale synthesis and arbitrary substrates, and has the widest range of use in coating preparation. However, the thickness of the coating is not easy to control accurately, and the solution will be wasted. In the future, these three methods will develop in the direction of more commercialization, scale and better repeatability in the field of SLIPS.

2.4 Lithography

Lithography is a process of transferring a mold pattern to a substrate through a photoresist under irradiation of different types of light. Yong et al. Constructed a large number of protrusions and holes with a diameter of hundreds of nanometers on PET by full femtosecond laser technology (Fig. 4A), and then obtained SLIPS by fluorosilane modification and silicone oil injection. This laser technology can also be used to construct micro-nano structures on various polymer surfaces (PMMA, PA, PC and PE)[31]. Recently, Yang et al. Used nanosecond fiber laser to construct a regular micron-scale array on 316 L stainless steel as voids and holes to contain lubricating oil (Fig. 4B), which has a more long-term and stable anti-corrosion effect[32]. At present, the method is divided into X-ray lithography, electron beam lithography, microcontact printing, colloid lithography and nanoimprint lithography. The method has the advantages of realizing high-precision and high-orientation multi-scale structures, but has the disadvantages of high equipment cost and long forming period. In the future, it will develop in the direction of simplifying the process and reducing the cost of equipment.

2.5 Other methods

In addition to the above methods, Beihang Jiang et al. explored a freeze-drying method to obtain a porous network structure of reduced graphene oxide with directionality. KCl, glycerol and ethylene glycol were injected as lubricants, and the intelligent control of the movement of conductive droplets could be realized after applying voltage to the surface[33]. Zhu et al. Obtained a super-hydrophobic surface with a layered rough structure by layer-by-layer self-assembly of branched polyethyleneimine and perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, and obtained SLIPS after coating Dupont perfluoropolyether lubricant Krytox 100[34]. The method can be operated on both soft and hard substrates, has simple and convenient operation and short whole operation time, and is suitable for large-scale production.

3 Application of SLIPS Functional Surface

3.1 Anti-icing and anti-icing performance

There are generally two ways to measure the anti-icing performance of SLIPS. One is anti-icing performance, which refers to prolonging the freezing time of supercooled water, so that supercooled water can be quickly separated from the ice surface by external force before solidification[35]. The second is the ice repellency, which means that on the surface covered by ice, the adsorption strength of ice on the surface is weak, so that the ice layer is easier to fall off from the surface[35,36]. SLIPS has excellent anti-icing performance. On the one hand, SLIPS forms a smooth and homogeneous coating with low surface energy after injecting lubricating oil. Because of the smooth nature of SLIPS, the condensed water droplets are easier to roll off rather than "nail" on the surface before icing, thus inhibiting the aggregation of water droplets and ice nucleation, and delaying the icing time[37 ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓~42]. On the other hand, due to the existence of the lubricating oil layer, there is no direct contact between the ice and the solid surface, the ice will slip on the surface of the lubricating oil, and the ice maintains low adhesion on the SLIPS, that is, excellent ice repellency[15,43 ⇓ ~45].
Wang et al. Found that 50 μL water droplets were "nailed" to the superhydrophobic surface in just a few seconds at 0 ℃, but the water droplets still maintained good mobility on the SLIPS surface at -20 ℃[46]. In addition to the use of low surface energy liquids as lubricants, the introduction of other liquids into the rough structure can also achieve excellent anti-icing performance. Wang et al. Doped hydrophilic 2,2-dimethylolpropionic acid into polyurethane to prepare a water-based lubricating surface. Because the hydrophilic side group was ionized in water and the water activity was reduced, the surface melted and expanded when it came into contact with ice or snow, and a water-based lubricating layer could be formed on the coating even below 0 ℃[47]. Yamazaki et al. Also injected ethylene glycol into a super-hydrophilic substrate constructed by layer-by-layer self-assembly of polyethyleneimine and SiO2 to obtain hydrophilic SLIPS. Due to the fluidity and smoothness of the lubricating layer, the ice adhesion was maintained at a very low level of 17 kPa[48].
However, the anti-freezing effect of SLIPS under dynamic or harsh external conditions is unsatisfactory, mainly due to the gradual loss of oil layer, so it is necessary to enhance the active anti-icing ability of SLIPS, that is, to actively respond to the stimulation of external conditions to endow SLIPS with anti-freezing ability[49][50,51]. In recent years, Zhang et al. Have adopted a new strategy to construct SLIPS, mainly introducing magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles into the system, which are used in a variety of anti-icing coatings because they can generate heat and then de-ice under light (Fig. 5A), and extend the freezing time to 2700 s at -18 ℃[52]. Sun et al. designed an antifreeze coating that responds to surface icing behavior by releasing antifreeze, consisting of an outer surface layer with superhydrophobic pores and a bottom layer impregnated with 1,2-propanediol antifreeze[53]. Through experiments simulating condensation frost, frost fog, and freezing rain, it was demonstrated that micron-scale contact of the antifreeze with a solid or liquid triggers the release of the antifreeze liquid, resulting in melting and eventual removal of ice from the surface (Fig. 5B). Liu et al introduced multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a conductive filler into the whole spraying system, and expanded the application scope of SLIPS antifreeze by means of Joule heat generation[54]. The average deicing time of SLIPS is 52. 7 s when the temperature is-48 ℃ and the cycle is 10 times.

3.2 Marine life pollution prevention and bacteria prevention

Because of the existence of dynamic interface, SLIPS can prevent the adsorption and further clustering of marine microorganisms[55 ⇓~57]. In addition, SLIPS also has excellent antibacterial effect, which is attributed to the existence of its dynamic lubricant, so that bacteria and fungi can not find effective adsorption sites on SLIPS[58 ⇓~60]. However, SLIPS can not completely inhibit the growth of these microorganisms, and some perfluorinated or synthetic lubricants used in SLIPS may pose a threat to the environment.
Based on the above problems, when designing SLIPS, Manna et al. Introduced a small molecule bactericide that can be dissolved in silicone oil: diclofenac, whose release can prevent the growth and formation of surrounding microbial film[61]. It can be released continuously for about 120 days, and the release amount is 45%, which is enough to kill the surrounding fungi and microorganisms, which provides a new idea for the long-term effective anti-fouling and inhibition of bacterial growth of SLIPS. In addition, Hatton et al. Demonstrated that after 15 minutes of wear, despite the depletion of the oil layer, the amount of oil locked in the SLIPS still provided excellent stain resistance due to increased micron-scale roughness and defects[62]. This study further confirms the durability of SLIPS against fouling. Miserez et al. Used oleic acid and methyl oleate as environmentally friendly lubricants, which were only slightly less effective than synthetic lubricants (such as perfluoropolyethers and silicone oils), but were also an acceptable choice for reducing environmental pollution related to man-made chemicals in the ocean[63].

3.3 Anti-corrosion

SLIPS with flowing interface and stable underwater existence also has unique anti-corrosion advantages. It can prevent the penetration of corrosive ions, which is attributed to the fact that the lubricating oil is insoluble in water and has high affinity with the synthesized structure, acting as a "solid" barrier to effectively prevent the penetration of corrosive media[64,65]. In addition, because of the fluidity of the lubricating layer, it can also reduce the formation of defects and has self-repairing performance[66]. Song et al. Extend the immersion time of SLIPS constructed by anodized aluminum in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution to 42 days, and the impedance value in the low frequency region still maintains at a high level[67]. This is attributed to the synergistic effect of the barrier of the lubricating oil and the formation of a dense oxide layer by anodic aluminum oxide, a mechanism that has been supported by many similar studies[68 ⇓~70]. Recently, Wu et al. Prepared a high aspect ratio anodic aluminum oxide nanochannel by vacuum impregnation, mainly using the negative pressure generated by vacuum to fill the lubricating oil into the deeper oxide layer under stronger capillary action, so that more lubricating oil is retained (Fig. 6a)[71]. Therefore, compared with the common SLIPS, the SLIPS has better corrosion resistance and durability. In addition to anodic aluminum oxide, Xiang et al. Obtained Zn-Ni-Co composite metal coating on metal substrate by electrodeposition method, and obtained SLIPS after hydrophobic modification and lubricant injection[16]. The obtained SLIPS was immersed in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for two weeks, and the EIS low frequency impedance value was still in the 106Ω·cm2, and the impedance value of the lubricating layer was 5.98×105Ω·cm2 Rbarrier after two weeks, which demonstrated its ability to inhibit the penetration of corrosive ions into the pores to protect the substrate from corrosion. Zhang et al of Zhejiang University obtained SLIPS by hydrothermal growth of double-layer hydroxide on AZ31B magnesium alloy, followed by fluorosilane modification and implantation[20]. The impedance value reaches a 108Ω·cm2 in the low frequency region, which is attributed to the barrier effect of the lubricating layer and the inhibition of electron transfer during corrosion. Guo et al., Institute of Lanhua, Chinese Academy of Sciences, obtained SLIPS on copper sheet by simply spin-coating PTFE particles and injecting perfluoropolyether lubricating oil[72]. The lowest corrosion current and the highest corrosion voltage were obtained in the Tafel test compared with other samples.
However, in the above studies, the SLIPS is immersed in the salt solution, and the actual corrosion environment has a higher concentration of salt water and includes a lot of dynamic mechanical shocks. The loss of oil layer in the immersion process leads to the loss of its anti-corrosion properties, which is also a major problem. Therefore, the durability of SLIPS anti-corrosion is still a major test. To this end, Shi et al prepared SLIPS on CuZn alloy, simulated seawater as a corrosive medium and combined with the mechanical test of knife cutting to investigate the corrosion resistance of SLIPS under external damage conditions[73]. After 8 times of mechanical scratching, the impedance of SLIPS in the low frequency region is still above the 107Ω·cm2, which shows that SLIPS has good self-healing ability after external mechanical damage[16,74]. Tenjimbayashi et al. Prepared a SLIPS with a similar "sandwich" structure to improve its long-term corrosion protection effect (Fig. 6B), mainly by immersing perfluoropolyether on the PVDF-HFP hydrophilic layer with a microporous structure and then covering it with a layer of PVDF-HFP[75]. In the 45 days of salt water corrosion resistance test, it maintained high stability and almost no rust on the surface, which was due to the introduction of the porous structure of the upper layer, and the oil could be stably "self-confined" in the two-layer structure, and there was almost no loss of oil layer under long-term immersion.

3.4 Transparency

SLIPS surfaces are also of interest in the field of transparency, because transparency is an important factor that must be considered for practical applications of SLIPS in windows, solar panels and other optical devices. The mechanism of realizing the transparency of the SLIPS is related to the interface, and when the refractive index between the lubricating oil and the selected particles is closer, the amount of reflected light is less, and the transparency of the SLIPS is higher[76,77].
At present, in the experiment of preparing SLIPS with high transparency, the combination of SiO2 and lubricating oil is the most commonly used, because its refractive index ($n_{SiO_{2}}=1.45$) is the closest to that of common lubricating oil. Guo et al. First synthesized Hydrophobically modified SiO2 by sol-gel method. The transparency of SLIPS obtained by perfluoropolyether, liquid kerosene and ethyl oleate was slightly transparent, translucent and transparent, respectively[78]. Xiao et al. Also used fluorosilane to modify SiO2 sol to prepare SLIPS, and after soaking in diatom suspension for 10 days, the transparency of the synthesized SLIPS still maintained a high level, which provided an idea for inhibiting biological contamination of optical equipment in seawater environment[79]. Men et al. After about 100 times of filter paper rubbing, the transparency of SLIPS increased slightly, because the roughness decreased slightly and the surface was more flat, indicating the stability of its transparency[80]. In addition to the SiO2, there are also studies on the preparation of highly transparent SLIPS using aluminum sol, cellulose laurate and PVDF-HFP[23][81][76].

3.5 Other application

In addition to the above applications, SLIPS is also widely used in the fields of water droplet and bubble transportation, drag reduction and self-cleaning. Jiang et al. Synthesized SLIPS by a simple spin coating method after mixing PDMS and Hydrophobically modified SiO2. On the basis of sufficient bubble adhesion, the formed SLIPS track can be used for bubble transport and promote the continuous distribution of bubbles[82]. They also used graphene oxide dispersion combined with freeze-drying method to synthesize anisotropic conductive SLIPS, which has the property of driving water droplets to move at low voltage, and can also be used in the fields of fluid directional transportation and liquid collection[33]. In addition, Guo et al. Have also studied the directional transport of SLIPS liquid, and Li et al. Have synthesized a porous network structure of hydroxyapatite nanowires/carbon nanotubes injected with liquid paraffin. Due to the photothermal effect of carbon nanotubes,Different mold shapes are placed between the SLIPS and the near-infrared light, and the patterned SLIPS can be obtained after the paraffin is melted. The slip behavior of various organic liquids or water can be precisely controlled at a certain tilt angle, which can also be applied to directional liquid transport and intelligent microfluidic devices[83]. The application of SLIPS in the field of self-cleaning is mainly to resist the deposition of various dust on its surface, and these pollutants (sand, clay and carbonaceous particles) mostly come from environmental pollution.The sliding droplets on the SLIPS surface will carry away the dust deposited on the substrate, and because of the value of the contact angle (about 90 °), the droplets will contact the substrate more fully, which will have a better cleaning effect than superhydrophobic[84]. Recent studies have shown that if SLIPS surface is used for dust cleaning on solar cells, its energy efficiency can be greatly improved[85]. The application of SLIPS in drag reduction is attributed to the fact that the liquid-liquid friction is less than the liquid-solid friction when the water droplet contacts with the lubricant, but the design of SLIPS surface which can self-replenish to reduce the lubricant loss in the process of drag reduction and maintain its drag reduction effect under high stress is the premise of its wide application in drag reduction in the future[86][87 ⇓~89].

4 Conclusion and prospect

SLIPS surface has become a hot research topic in recent years because of its excellent properties, such as high pressure stability, high transparency, repellency of various liquids and self-healing, and has been successfully synthesized on glass, metal and polymer materials. The most commonly used method is to construct porous or micron/nano-scale rough structures on different substrates, and then inject lubricants to obtain SLIPS with multiple functions. In recent years, the main methods to construct porous or rough structures include electrochemistry, hydrothermal method, spray/spin/dip coating and lithography. The lubricating liquid comprises perfluorinated lubricating oil, silicone oil, ionic liquid, plant liquid, liquid paraffin and the like. Spray/spin/dip coating are the most widely used methods because of their ease of operation, economy, environmental friendliness, and suitability for scale-up. SLIPS has been proved to have application prospects in the fields of anti-icing, anti-marine biological pollution, anti-corrosion, high transparency, directional liquid transportation, drag reduction and self-cleaning.
However, the practical application of SLIPS surface distance still faces many problems. First of all, how to avoid the loss of lubricating effect caused by the contact of lubricating fluid with harsh external environment (ultraviolet light, high temperature, immersion, ice-de-icing cycle, etc.) is particularly important for the long-term service of SLIPS. Secondly, under the external mechanical damage, how to enhance the mechanical durability of the substrate with micro-nano structure also needs more attention, because the excellent performance of SLIPS comes from the combination of lubricating oil and micro-nano structure, if the micro-nano structure is damaged, it is difficult for oil to exist stably on the surface, and the performance will be greatly lost; Then, how to shorten the preparation process as much as possible to save cost is also very important for practical applications. At present, most of the methods to construct rough structures are only operated in the laboratory, and the preparation process is complex. Finally, most of the lubricants currently used are fluorine-containing lubricants, which are expensive and pollute the environment, so more alternative lubricants need to be found.
Therefore, the durability, sustainability and service life of SLIPS can be improved by considering the following aspects:
From the point of view of lubricant selection, perfluorinated lubricants are considered the best choice to prevent lubricant volatilization and loss due to their wide viscosity range and low vapor pressure (as low as 1.33×10-9kPa). However, its high price and complex synthesis process limit its wide application. Ionic liquids have strong chemical stability and thermal stability, and are suitable for some harsh environments. Silicone oil is the most widely used lubricant because of its chemical stability and low price. Choosing silicone oil with high viscosity can avoid the loss caused by volatilization at room temperature due to its high vapor pressure. In addition, because most of the selected lubricants are low surface energy liquids, the repelled liquids will be "entrained" during the sliding process on the SLIPS surface, resulting in the gradual loss of lubricants. In short, in practical application scenarios, the viscosity, vapor pressure, affinity with the substrate, and price of the lubricant should be taken into account[90].
From the point of view of structure construction, the selection of micron/nanometer composite rough structure can retain the maximum amount of lubricating oil due to abundant capillary force under external damage (water impact, wear and centrifugal force, etc.), achieve life extension, and still perform excellently in the field of anti-freezing and anti-corrosion. However, falling below the critical thickness results in a discontinuity of the lubricating layer and the inability to repel the liquid. A single micron-scale roughness substrate is easy to lose lubricant from the adjacent micron-scale structure under external impact, resulting in the exposure of the top structure. When choosing which structure to build, consider both the best liquid repellency and the best performance. In addition, for the porous structure, it is more advantageous to fix the lubricating oil by choosing to construct pores that are not connected with each other, which is conducive to the stable existence of the oil and the improvement of mechanical properties[91].
From the point of view of preparation methods, because most of the texture or porous structures prepared on the substrate at present, the affinity with lubricating oil is only intermolecular force and capillary force, which is not conducive to achieving long-term durability and stability of SLIPS. Therefore, long-term stability can be achieved by using π-electron and covalent bonding between the oil layer and the structure[30,92][26,93]. In addition, the preparation of SLIPS with external response (magnetic field, ultraviolet light, temperature, acid and alkali, etc.) To control the release and storage of oil and take it out when needed is also a way to prolong the service life. There have been studies related to the preparation of UV-responsive microcapsules for oil storage SLIPS[94].
It is expected that SLIPS will be put into practical application in the following aspects in the future: (1) The structure is more novel, the release and storage of lubricating oil can be controlled, and the impact of various external environments can be tolerated. (2) Various functional substances (such as Fe3O4, carbon nanotubes and fungicides) are introduced into the system in order to achieve the performance matching the practical scenario. And (3) that stability of the lubricate oil is enhanced by enable the lubricating oil and the constructed structure to generate chemical bonding rath than only intermolecular force and capillary force, so that the SLIPS is promoted to play a greater role in practical application. For example, transparent, pressure-resistant self-cleaning glasses can be used on many deep-sea devices, and surfaces containing SLIPS can also be used for fluid and bubble transport on many microfluidic devices and in underwater environments.In addition, the combination of SLIPS with other advanced fields, such as sustainable energy production (wind turbines, condensers and evaporators, etc.) And storage, is also a future trend. In a word, SLIPS will produce fruitful results and be widely used in many fields in the near future.

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Funding

the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(51925403)

Major Research plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91934302)

and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21676052)

and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21606042)

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