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Synthesis of Janus Particles and Their Application Progress in Pickering Emulsion

Yuanxia Zhang , Yan Bao , Jianzhong Ma

Progress in Chemistry ›› 2021, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2) : 254 -262.

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Progress in Chemistry ›› 2021, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2) : 254-262 DOI: 10.7536/PC200449
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Synthesis of Janus Particles and Their Application Progress in Pickering Emulsion
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Abstract

Janus particles are promising materials for stabilizing emulsion, self-assembly, biomedicine and functional coatings due to its anisotropic properties in mechanical, magnetic, optical, electrical properties, surface hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity. The amphiphilic Janus particles, in which one face possesses hydrophobicity and the other face possesses hydrophilicity, have received considerable attention in stabilizing Pickering emulsion owing to its property of surfactant and solid particle. In this paper, the fabrication methods of amphiphilic Janus particles are summarized, and their advantages and defects are compared firstly. Then the effects of amphiphilic Janus particles on the stability of Pickering emulsion are highlighted. Finally, the development of amphiphilic Janus particles in the future is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis of amphiphilic Janus particles

2.1 Surface modification

2.2 In-situ generation

3 Research progress of amphiphilic Janus particles in Pickering emulsion

3.1 Hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance

3.2 Morphological

3.3 Size

4 Conclusion and outlook

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Janus particles / amphipathic / Pickering emulsions

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Yuanxia Zhang, Yan Bao, Jianzhong Ma. Synthesis of Janus Particles and Their Application Progress in Pickering Emulsion. Progress in Chemistry, 2021, 33(2): 254-262 DOI:10.7536/PC200449

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1 Introduction

In the past decades, the synthesis methods, the relationship between structure and properties, the self-assembly behavior of isotropic colloidal particles, and the types of colloidal particles with potential applications have been studied in depth[1⇓~3]. However, the study of anisotropic colloidal particles is relatively lagging behind, which was first proposed by de Gennes in 1991[4]. Anisotropic colloidal particles mainly refer to the anisotropy of the two sides of the particles in various properties, which is consistent with the characteristics of Janus, the two-sided God in Roman mythology, so they are also called "Janus particles". Due to the special anisotropy of Janus particles, they have great potential in emulsion stabilization, self-assembly, biomedicine and so on. In recent years, a variety of functional Janus particles have emerged[5⇓~7][8].
At present, the research on Janus particles mainly focuses on two aspects: one is the preparation methods of Janus particles, including interfacial polymerization, Pickering emulsion method, phase separation method, microfluidics method, polymer self-assembly method, surface-initiated radical polymerization method and in-situ click chemistry method[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Secondly, Janus particles have novel and unique properties. For example, Janus particles with amphiphilic structure can be located at the interface of two phases, in which the hydrophobic hemisphere is immersed in the oil phase and the hydrophilic hemisphere is immersed in the water phase, so they can be used as emulsion stabilizers and can also be used to construct supramolecular structures[16][17]. By endowing the two hemispheres of Janus particles with different chemical functional groups and selective functions, it can be used in the fields of catalysis, sensing and drug delivery[18,19]. There are also many reviews about Janus particles, most of which review and evaluate the related research results from the preparation methods of Janus particles, or summarize the types of functional Janus particles obtained by a certain preparation method and their application progress in some fields. For example, the synthesis methods and self-assembly behavior of Janus polymer particles, the preparation methods and self-assembly behavior of polymer/inorganic Janus particles and inorganic Janus particles, the preparation methods and application progress of functional Janus particles, and the design and synthesis of other anisotropic particles (patch, multi-chamber, ellipsoid)[20,21][22][23⇓~25][26⇓~28].
In fact, the Janus particle is a complex colloidal particle. From the material composition, it can be divided into polymer, inorganic and polymer-inorganic[24,29]. From the shape, it can be divided into spherical, dumbbell, cylindrical, disc, etc. (Fig. 1)[30]; It can be divided into amphiphilic, temperature-sensitive, magnetic responsive, pH-responsive and so on[31][32][33][34]. Different Janus particles have different preparation principles, and have different self-assembly behaviors and properties. Among them, amphiphilic Janus particles have great advantages in stabilizing Pickering emulsions because of their surfactant properties and solid particle effects[35]. Based on this, the preparation methods were reviewed, and their advantages and disadvantages were analyzed and compared.At the same time, the effects of the preparation methods on the stability of Pickering emulsion were summarized, and finally the prospect was given.

2 Method for preparing amphiphilic Janus particle

Since the first synthesis of Janus particles, various methods for the preparation of Janus particles have been reported. Among them, the methods for the synthesis of amphiphilic Janus particles can be mainly divided into two categories: one is the surface modification method, and the other is the in-situ formation method[36,37]. Surface modification refers to the modification of different surfaces of isotropic particles to make them anisotropic. The in situ method refers to the construction of Janus particles from scratch, with anisotropic internal composition and surface.

2.1 Preparation of Amphiphilic Janus Particles by Surface Modification

2.1.1 Semi-shielded method

The semi-shielding method refers to a method of obtaining Janus particles by covering one half of the particles on a two-dimensional interface through a plane and modifying the other half. Panwar et al. semi-embedded monodisperse spherical particles of SiO2 in a polystyrene membrane, modified one side of the exposed spherical particles of SiO2 with a CF3CFH2 in a low-temperature plasma environment, and then dissolved the polystyrene membrane with an organic substance to obtain amphiphilic SiO2Janus particles. The specific process is shown in Figure 2[38].
The method has the advantages that the operation is relatively simple, the Janus particles are easy to obtain, and the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the amphiphilic Janus particles can be adjusted by adjusting the degree of covering of the particles[39]. However, this method has higher requirements for the covering material, on the one hand, the covering material can not participate in the chemical reaction during the surface modification process, otherwise it will pollute or affect the composition of Janus particles, on the other hand, the covering material can not be dissolved during the preparation of Janus particles, otherwise it can not play a shielding role[40]. In addition, due to the fact that only one side of the particles can be covered or exposed by the two-phase interface, and the number of particles located at the two-phase interface is very limited, the yield of Janus particles is low[2].

2.1.2 Two-phase interface method

Amphiphilic Janus particles are usually prepared at the liquid-liquid, liquid-solid and gas-solid interfaces by the two-phase interface method. Firstly, the modified particles (spherical, two-dimensional sheet, etc.) Are located at the two-phase interface, and then the two sides of the particles are modified in the two phases respectively[41][42]. Pickering emulsion method is the most commonly used method to prepare amphiphilic Janus particles using liquid-liquid interface. For example, Ma et al first grafted 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BiBB) initiator onto the surface of graphene, and then used it as a stabilizer to stabilize the water/toluene Pickering emulsion.The hydrophobic poly (2- (acryloyloxy) ethyl ferrocenecarboxylate) (PMAEFc) and the hydrophilic poly (dopamine) (PDA) were grafted onto the two sides of the graphene in turn by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in toluene and water, respectively, to prepare the amphiphilic graphene Janus particles[43].
In addition to the preparation of amphiphilic Janus particles at the liquid-liquid interface, the preparation of amphiphilic Janus particles at the liquid-solid and gas-solid interfaces has also been reported[44,45]. In recent years, this kind of method has become more popular because it can avoid the problems that the modified particles in the liquid-liquid interface are easy to rotate and affect the formation of Janus particles, and the operation is difficult to control[24,40,46]. It is one of the most classical methods to selectively modify the surface of particles by using the characteristics of high temperature dissolution and low temperature solidification of solid paraffin[47,48]. For example, Han et al. semi-coated one end of the surface of aminated SiO2 particles with paraffin wax, and then modified the other end of the particles with hydrophobic (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane to prepare amphiphilic Janus SiO2 particles (as shown in fig. 3)[49].
The limitation of the two-phase interface method is that the number of modified particles is limited, which leads to the low yield of amphiphilic Janus particles, and the rotation of modified particles at the interface increases the difficulty of precise control of the morphology and structure of amphiphilic Janus particles, and the shape of modified particles in such studies is usually limited to spherical. However, recent studies have also shown that two-dimensional sheet materials have potential advantages in the preparation of amphiphilic Janus particles by two-phase interface method due to their large aspect ratio, high adsorption energy and highly restricted rotation at the interface[8]. In addition, how to completely separate Janus particles from the two-phase system is also a need for further exploration[45].

2.1.3 Lectrochemical deposition

The electrochemical deposition method was proposed by Kuhn et al. It refers to a technique for preparing Janus particles by bipolar electrochemistry[50]. Compared with the prior art, the method can realize the asymmetric modification of the surface of the particles on the basis of not needing a mask, and the asymmetry is caused by the polarization of the conductive particles generated by an external electric field. First, an appropriate metal salt is added to the aqueous solution and then a sufficient potential difference is applied to electrodeposit the metal onto the cathode of the particles (as shown in fig. 4). Compared with semi-covering method and two-phase interface method, the electrochemical deposition method has the advantages of high yield of Janus particles and deposition of different materials (including gold, platinum, nickel, copper, and even inorganic and organic polymer layers) on particles of different sizes and shapes[51]. However, the Janus particles prepared by this method must be a conductive material.

2.2 Preparation of Amphiphilic Janus Particles by in Situ Synthesis

The amphiphilic Janus particles prepared by the in-situ method not only have asymmetry on the surface, but also have asymmetry in the internal structure. At present, the common methods include microfluidics, phase separation, click chemistry and so on.

2.2.1 Microfluidic method

The microfluidics method is to disperse the polymerizable monomer solution by using micron-sized channels or capillaries to obtain monodisperse droplets with sizes ranging from several microns to hundreds of microns, and then to obtain monodisperse microspheres by using online curing methods such as photothermal polymerization. Microfluidics technology can precisely control the size of droplets, which has been favored by the majority of scholars in recent years[52⇓~54]. Nisisako et al. Successfully prepared Janus particles using microfluidic technology for the first time in 2006[55]. The microfluidic channel they used to produce the Janus particles was a co-flow system with a Y-shaped channel to build a two-phase monomer flow and sheath flow geometry to form a neck, eventually allowing the organic flow to penetrate the co-flow channel (minimizing mixing of the two phases by diffusion) and expel the Janus droplets, which were then rapidly polymerized under UV irradiation (Figure 5).
Microfluidic technology has become a new way to prepare amphiphilic Janus particles because it can accurately control the size and uniformity of droplets.The functionalization of the amphiphilic Janus particles can be realized by loading conductive or magnetic nanoparticles, and the amphiphilic Janus particles with different morphologies and sizes can be prepared by regulating and controlling the flow rate of a fluid, the interfacial tension, the viscosity of an aqueous phase, the dosage of a surfactant and the like[56][54,57,58]. However, the Janus particles prepared by this method are relatively large.With the continuous improvement of research technology, amphiphilic Janus particles with a particle size of about 14 ~ 25 μm can be prepared, but it is still difficult to meet the requirements[57]. In addition, in order to avoid convective mixing, the flow rate of the fluid channel is often very slow, resulting in a low yield of amphiphilic Janus particles[2].

2.2.2 Phase separation method

The phase separation method mainly utilizes the different compatibility between two substances to prepare Janus particles. Generally, two substances with poor compatibility are dissolved in the same volatile solvent, and through dissolution, emulsification, solvent volatilization and other processes, phase separation occurs between the substances, thus forming Janus particles by selective nucleation. For example, Wang et al used paraffin as oil phase, styrene and divinylbenzene as oil-soluble monomers, and acrylamide as water-soluble monomers to form an oil/water emulsion under the action of surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate. When the polymerization temperature was reached, the styrene in the oil phase polymerized to form polystyrene spheres.Thus, the phase separation is initiated, the polystyrene spheres move to the O/W interface, and the monomer acrylamide in the water phase is further initiated to polymerize, and finally the amphiphilic Janus particles with a ball-on-disk structure are formed. The preparation process is shown in fig. 6[59].
Ku et al. utilized the surface activity of the block copolymers PS-r-4VBOBP and P2VP-r-4VBOBP to first form an oil-in-water emulsion, and then induced phase separation through solvent volatilization to allow the block copolymer to self-assemble therein. The benzophenone groups introduced into the block copolymer were polymerized under ultraviolet light, and finally the amphiphilic PS/P2VP polymer Janus particles were obtained (as shown in fig. 7)[60].
The phase separation method is universal, and a series of different types of asymmetric Janus particles can be obtained by polymerization-induced phase separation or phase separation by adjusting the ratio of multiple phases, and the Janus particles with such structures can not be obtained by microfluidics[61]. In addition, the amphiphilic Janus particles with particle size less than 100 nm can be easily synthesized by this method, and the particles have good homogeneity, and the composition and properties of the particles can be flexibly adjusted, so the scale-up production of this method is theoretically feasible[2,21]. However, this method is generally only suitable for the preparation of amphiphilic Janus particles using organic polymers.

2.2.3 Click chemistry method

Click chemistry was proposed by Nobel Prize winner Sharpless in 2001. It is a new method to synthesize a large number of compounds quickly. It has the advantages of high efficiency, controllability and simplicity. It feels like clicking a mouse, so it is called "click chemistry". At present, amphiphilic Janus particles have been synthesized by click chemistry. For example, Bradley et al. Obtained clickable PS-PA Janus particles by using polystyrene (PS) and polypropargyl acrylate (PA) through seed emulsion polymerization, and then reacted them with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), 2-mercaptoethanol (MPE) and cysteamine (CYA) to obtain amphiphilic Janus particles with various morphologies (as shown in Figure 8)[62].
Wu et al. Synthesized amphiphilic Janus supramolecular polymer brushes by one-step click chemistry after adjusting the ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers through the cycloaddition reaction of azide and alkyne[63]. Rhodamine B was used to label the Janus polymer brushes and to track their spin-coating self-assembly behavior at the oil-water interface.It was found that the amphiphilic Janus polymer brushes are a kind of potential hybrid arm sliding brush materials, which is helpful to understand and master the self-assembly behavior of other complex biopolymers. In addition to the above-mentioned click reactions of mercapto-alkenes and azide-alkynes, the preparation of amphiphilic Janus particles by novel click chemistry such as mercapto-isocyanates and mercapto-epoxides has also been reported[64,65]. The click chemistry method can strictly control the morphology and chemical composition of the amphiphilic Janus particles, and has the advantages of fast reaction speed, high efficiency, simplicity and controllability, so that the click chemistry method is an ideal method. However, due to the need for specific functional groups, the selectivity for materials is strong.
To sum up, different preparation methods of amphiphilic Janus particles have their own advantages and disadvantages, as shown in Table 1. Therefore, researchers should select the appropriate preparation method according to the needs and conditions.

3 Research Progress of Amphiphilic Janus Particles in Pickering Emulsion

Janus particles can strongly adsorb at the liquid-liquid or gas-liquid interface to form a monodisperse layer, and can self-assemble to form micelles like surfactants, so Janus particles can be used as an ideal stabilizer to stabilize Pickering emulsions compared with conventional nanoparticles[66⇓~68]. In 2001, Binks et al. Showed through theoretical calculation that Janus particles have excellent emulsifying properties[69]. Subsequently, in 2006, Glaser et al. Confirmed the theoretical prediction of Binks et al. On the role of Janus particles at the liquid-liquid interface, and found that Janus particles have greater surface activity than particles with the same size and uniform chemical properties, and improving the amphiphilicity of particles is conducive to the improvement of interfacial activity[70]. Zahn et al. Synthesized hydrophilic, lipophilic and amphiphilic Janus particles respectively, and explored and compared the effects of the three kinds of particles on the stability of the emulsion. The results showed that too hydrophilic or hydrophobic particles were not conducive to the stability of the emulsion, while amphiphilic Janus particles could significantly improve the stability of emulsion, and the wettability of Janus particles in liquid-liquid phase was the key factor to improve the stabilization of emulsion[71]. In addition, Aveyard found that the maximum adsorption free energy of amphiphilic Janus particles at the oil-water interface was three times higher than that of ordinary solid particles, which was due to the fact that amphiphilic Janus particles aggregated the strong adsorption properties of solid particles and the emulsifying properties of surfactants in stabilizing emulsions[72]. In addition, the study shows that the Janus particle-stabilized emulsion is a kinetically and thermodynamically stable system, while the isotropic particle-stabilized Pickering emulsion is usually only a kinetically stable system[73]. Therefore, amphiphilic Janus particles have potential advantages in stabilizing Pickering emulsions. The hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance, size and shape of amphiphilic Janus particles are the main factors affecting the interfacial tension and adsorption energy[74].

3.1 Effect of Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Balance of Amphiphilic Janus Particles on the Stability of Pickering Emulsion

Amphiphilic Janus particles have a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) similar to that of surfactants and are often evaluated quantitatively by the "Janus balance". The size of Janus equilibrium can be adjusted by the surface chemistry, geometry and size of the amphiphilic Janus particles[75⇓~77]. At present, the most common way to regulate Janus equilibrium is to regulate the surface chemistry of amphiphilic Janus particles[78]. For example, Bj Björkegren et al. prepared amphiphilic Janus particles by grafting hydrophilic silanes (mPEGs) and silanes with different hydrophobic chains onto both sides of the SiO2 particles, and found that the amount, type and functionalization conditions of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic silanes on the surface of the SiO2 particles have an impact on the emulsion stability, and the balance between the amount of hydrophobic groups and hydrophilic groups is particularly important[79]. By adjusting the addition order of hydrophilic/hydrophobic silane, the amount of hydrophilic/hydrophobic silane, the length of hydrophobic silane and the type of groups, it is found that when the particles contain too many hydrophilic or hydrophobic groups,That is, when the particles have less anisotropic characteristics, the emulsifying effect is poor, and when both sides of the particles contain moderate hydrophilic/hydrophobic groups, the emulsifying effect is good. Sch Schüth et al. prepared mushroom-shaped Janus particles composed of two components of Fe3O4@DVB-2 and SiO2, and adjusted the content of SiO2 at the hydrophilic end of Janus particles by adjusting the amount of tetraethoxysilane. It was found that with the increase of the amount of tetraethoxysilane, the size of the hydrophilic end of Janus particles increased (Figure 9), and its stability to toluene-water system became worse, because Fe3O4@DVB-2 itself had certain amphipathicity[80]. Due to the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the amphiphilic Janus particles, the orientation of the Janus particles at the oil-water interface can be changed. Therefore, in addition to obtaining a stable Pickering emulsion by adjusting the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the Janus particles, the emulsion inversion can also be realized by using this characteristic[78].

3.2 Effect of Amphiphilic Janus Particle Shape on the Stability of Pickering Emulsion

The effect of Janus particle shape on emulsion stability has also been reported[80,81]. For example, Ruhland et al. Obtained amphiphilic Janus particles with different shapes (spherical, cylindrical and disc-shaped, as shown in Figure 10a) by phase separation method, and explored the interfacial tension of Janus particles with three shapes at the oil-water interface.It is found that the stability of the liquid-liquid interface is strongly affected by the change of the particle geometry. Compared with the disk-shaped Janus particles, the spherical and cylindrical Janus particles can significantly reduce the oil-water interfacial tension, that is, they have better emulsifying properties[74]. This is due to the smaller diameter (50 nm) of the Janus sphere, which has a higher diffusion coefficient (Brownian behavior) in the system, thus accelerating the adsorption kinetics. The Janus column, although longer, can slide along its long axis and create a denser area, thus also exhibiting better emulsifying properties. The Janus disk may be random when it approaches the interface, so it is often arranged in the way of superposition and covering to reduce the interface energy. Nonomura et al. Showed through theoretical calculation that the interfacial adsorption energy was the strongest when the disc was distributed on the interface with the largest area, which also showed that improving the dispersion uniformity of the disc in the adsorption process and making it distribute on the interface as a single particle as far as possible was an important factor to improve its emulsion stability[82]. In addition, the above results also show that the different shapes of Janus particles have different adsorption kinetics, adsorption behavior, energy barrier and interfacial tension equilibrium value at the oil-water interface, thus affecting the adsorption results of Janus particles at the oil-water interface.
Ruhland et al. Have studied the assembly behavior of cylindrical Janus particles at the liquid-liquid interface in detail, and found that the assembly behavior of cylindrical Janus particles at the interface can be divided into three different adsorption stages[83]. At first, the columnar Janus particles diffuse freely to the interface, then the continuous adsorption of the columns leads to the ordering of the interface and the formation of domains, and finally the additional accumulation of the columns leads to the rearrangement of domains and the formation of multilayer systems. The tilt structure of the cylindrical Janus particles leads to the deformation of the asymmetric hexapole interface, which has an important impact on the lateral interaction and assembly between particles, and then affects the liquid-liquid interfacial tension. It is shown that the morphology of the amphiphilic Janus particles has an important influence on the interfacial tension, and the different packing behaviors of the Janus particles with different shapes also have an important influence on the interfacial tension. In addition to studying the adsorption behavior of particles at the interface, Rezvantalab et al. Studied the capillary interaction of ellipsoidal Janus particles at the liquid-liquid interface, and found that compared with ellipsoidal isotropic particles, ellipsoidal Janus particles showed stronger capillary interaction due to their amphiphilic nature and unique arrangement at the interface[84].

3.3 Effect of Amphiphilic Janus Particle Size on the Stability of Pickering Emulsion

Like isotropic solid particles, the size of amphiphilic Janus particles is also one of the factors affecting the stability of Pickering emulsions. In addition, the particle size can also affect the stability mechanism of Pickering emulsion[85]. Qi et al. Found that smaller particles (330 nm) can form a dense layer at the droplet interface, which can more effectively prevent droplet coalescence and reduce interfacial tension[86]. However, the adsorption kinetics of the larger particles (620 nm and 1150 nm) is slower, resulting in a higher adsorption barrier and a lower filling efficiency at the interface. The surface activity of amphiphilic Janus particles is much better than that of ordinary solid particles, so amphiphilic Janus particles with large particle size also show excellent stability in stabilizing Pickering emulsion. For example, Haney et al. Found that the size of the amphiphilic Janus particles controls the size of the emulsion droplets, thereby affecting the structure and stability of the emulsion[87]. The emulsions formed by amphiphilic Janus particles with small particle size and balanced hydrophilic-hydrophobic volume ratio (Janus balance) have the greatest stability against coalescence, and the use of amphiphilic Janus particles with large particle size makes it easy to visualize the stability of the emulsion and to understand the stability mechanism of the emulsion. Nie et al. Found that micron-sized amphiphilic Janus particles can also effectively stabilize the oil-water system and reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water[88]. This shows that although the particle size has an effect on the stability of the emulsion, due to the surface activity of the amphiphilic Janus particles themselves, the micron size amphiphilic Janus particles can still stabilize the emulsion, and also shows that the influence of the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the amphipathic Janus particles on the stability of Pickering emulsion is greater than that of its size. This broadened the range of amphiphilic Janus particles to stabilize emulsions, and also provided ideas for the development of new controllable and surface-active macromolecular structure substances.

4 Conclusion and prospect

To sum up, although the preparation methods of amphiphilic Janus particles have made great progress, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and although the influence of the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance, shape and size of amphiphilic Janus particles on the stability of Pickering emulsion has been involved in the existing research, there are still many problems to be solved in the research of amphipathic Janus particles:
(1) At present, there are many methods to prepare amphiphilic Janus particles, but most of them have the defects of complex process and low yield, which make it difficult to achieve large-scale production. Therefore, one of the future development trends is to continue to develop new technologies or combine existing technologies to prepare amphiphilic Janus particles with precise and controllable structure, high yield and simple process, so as to make them easy to achieve large-scale production.
(2) In the preparation process of Janus particles, the advantages of the existing methods can be fully combined, and two or more methods can be combined. For example, the combination of Pickering emulsion method and click chemistry method, and the combination of phase separation method and seed emulsion polymerization method can achieve the purpose of precisely controlling the morphology of Janus particles.
(3) Amphiphilic Janus particles show excellent performance in stabilizing emulsion because they combine the advantages of both surfactants and solid particles, but most of the existing studies only focus on the effect of amphiphilic Janus particles in stabilizing emulsion.The research on the self-assembly behavior of amphiphilic Janus particles at the interface and the interaction of amphiphilic Janus particles at the interface is still lack of systematicness. Therefore, a more in-depth study of the mechanism of emulsion stabilization by amphiphilic Janus particles will also be the key to the steady development of amphiphilic Janus particles.
(4) Pickering emulsion stabilized by non-spherical Janus particles has shown its advantages. For example, two-dimensional materials have high atomic efficiency and multi-layer tiling effect at the liquid-liquid interface, which can significantly improve the stability of emulsions compared with traditional emulsions. Therefore, the use of non-spherical Janus particles to stabilize Pickering emulsion will also be the focus of future research.

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Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China(21878181)

National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078188)

Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2018ZDXM-GY-118)

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