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One-Dimensional New Carbon Allotrope: Carbon Chain

Jun Jin , Ziheng Lin , Lei Shi

Progress in Chemistry ›› 2021, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2) : 188 -198.

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Progress in Chemistry ›› 2021, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2) : 188-198 DOI: 10.7536/PC200650
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One-Dimensional New Carbon Allotrope: Carbon Chain
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Abstract

Carbon chain(CC) is a new type of carbon allotrope with one-dimensional sp-hybridized structure. Its unique chemical bonds result in superior properties than that of fullerene, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. For example, theoretical calculations predict that the mechanical strength of the CC is several times greater than that of graphene. Also, the thermal conductivity of the CC is similar to that of graphene and carbon nanotubes. In addition, the CC is a semiconductor with direct band gap, which can be tuned via its length, i.e., the longer the CC, the smaller the band gap. Although the research on the CC has bee started as early as the 19th century, making progress was indeed difficult and slow. Recently, several breakthroughs in research on CC has attracted extensive attention to CC again all over the world. In this review, the concept, structure, and properties of the CC are first introduced. On this basis, typical synthesis methods and applications are detailedly presented. Especially, several recent major breakthroughs in the field of the CC are highlighted. Most importantly, perspectives on the research directions of the CC are indicated. We hope that this review is able to attract domestic and international peers’ attention on this new type of one-dimensional sp-hybridized carbon allotrope.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The structure and category of carbon chain

3 The properties of carbon chain

3.1 The band gap of polyynic carbon chain

3.2 Mechanical,thermal,and superconducting properties of carbon chain

4 The synthesis of carbon chain

4.1 Bottom-up synthesis

4.2 Arc-discharge method

4.3 Laser-ablation method

4.4 Heat-treatment method

4.5 Irradiation method

4.6 On-surface synthesis

5 Conclusion and outlook

Graphical abstract

Keywords

carbon chain / structure / property / synthesis / application

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Jun Jin, Ziheng Lin, Lei Shi. One-Dimensional New Carbon Allotrope: Carbon Chain. Progress in Chemistry, 2021, 33(2): 188-198 DOI:10.7536/PC200650

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1 Introduction

Carbon has a variety of allotropes with structures ranging from three-dimensional, two-dimensional to one-dimensional. The early research on carbon materials mainly focused on three-dimensional amorphous carbon, graphite and diamond. Since the end of the 20th century, the discovery of several new and low-dimensional carbon allotropes, such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene, has attracted wide attention of researchers, greatly promoted the establishment and development of nanoscience and technology, and marked the arrival of the carbon age. Among them, the discovery of fullerene in 1985 is considered to be the third allotrope of carbon discovered by human beings after graphite and diamond[1]. In 1996, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Kroto, Curl and Smalley, discoverers of fullerenes. In 1991 and 2004, quasi-one-dimensional carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional graphene were discovered one after another[2,3]. The 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Geim and Novoselov, the discoverers of graphene. In fact, before the discovery of these three new carbon allotropes, some researchers had begun to study the one-dimensional carbon chain (CC) and named it carbyne, also known as the third carbon allotrope[4][5,6]. In fact, Kroto et al. Also observed a linear carbon chain (LCC) in the universe[7].
These carbon allotropes can be classified into three types of carbon materials according to the electronic orbital hybridization of carbon atoms, namely, sp3, sp2 and sp (Fig. 1). Early research on carbon materials mainly focused on diamond with sp3 and fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene with sp2. The sp-hybridized carbon chain is likely to become a new research growth point in the future. In this paper, the unique structure, properties, synthesis and application prospects of carbon chains are systematically introduced, and several important research directions that may make breakthroughs in the future are prospected.

2 Structure and classification of carbon chain

A carbon chain is an allotrope of one-dimensional carbon formed by a linear arrangement of carbon atoms. As shown in fig. 2, according to the chemical bond structure, the carbon chain can be divided into two types: one is the polyyne structure in which the carbon atoms are alternately arranged with single bonds and triple bonds[9]; The other is the cumulene structure in which the carbon atoms are arranged continuously with double bonds[10]. According to Peierls' theory, a carbon chain is an extremely unstable substance, and the longer the carbon chain, the less stable it is. In 1979, ab initio calculations based on Hartree-Fork self-consistent field theory showed that polyene carbon chains were less stable than polyacetylene carbon chains[11]. It is also experimentally confirmed that the polyalkyne type carbon chain has better stability than the polyene type carbon chain from two aspects: one is that the polyalkyne type carbon chain can be dried into a solid for storage,Polyene carbon chains with the same length can only be preserved in the reaction solution because the carbon chains are crosslinked with each other and converted into amorphous carbon during the drying process[12,13]. Secondly, the longest carbon chain of polyacetylene type synthesized at present contains 44 carbon atoms, while the longest carbon chain of polyene type contains only 10 carbon atoms, which indirectly shows that the carbon chain of Polyacetylene type has better stability (the longer the carbon chain, the worse its stability)[14][15]. The results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations further indicate that the polyene structure is the transition state of the carbon chain towards the thermodynamically stable structure[16]. The study of energy band theory shows that the polyacetylene carbon chain has a certain band gap and belongs to the semiconductor category, while the polyene carbon chain is metallic[17]. Due to the semiconducting properties and better stability of polyacetylene-based carbon chains, researchers have conducted more in-depth studies on them. Therefore, the discussion in this paper will mainly focus on polyacetylene type carbon chains.
The carbon atoms in the carbon chain form σ bonds by sp hybridization, and the remaining electrons interact with each other by π bonds, so their chemical properties are very active and their structures are extremely unstable. Especially when the length of the carbon chain increases, its stability becomes worse. Oxygen and humid environment will degrade it or cross-link it to form other structures[18⇓⇓⇓~22]. At present, there are two main ways to stabilize carbon chains (Figure 2): one is to introduce chemical groups (the simplest is H) at both ends of the carbon chain, which can be called end-encapsulated carbon chains[23]; The other is to stabilize carbon chains in carbon nanotubes, that is, carbon chains encapsulated by carbon nanotubes.
The ideal one-dimensional carbon chain is infinitely long, or when its properties do not change with its length, it can be called carbyne. In fact, the length of carbon chains synthesized in the laboratory is extremely limited, so the existence of carbyne has been controversial before. In 2016, Shi et al. Synthesized a stable carbon chain composed of more than 6000 carbon atoms in carbon nanotubes by using carbon nanotube template method and high temperature and high vacuum treatment, creating a record for the length of artificial carbon chains[24]. In 2018, Heeg et al studied the single ultra-long carbon chain in carbon nanotubes by near-field Raman spectroscopy and found that when the length of the carbon chain is longer than 30 nm, the Raman peak of the carbon chain is independent of the length, that is to say, such a carbon chain can be called carbyne[25]. Thus, the existence of carbyne has been confirmed experimentally.

3 Properties of carbon chain

Based on the "infinite carbon chain" model, theoretical calculations predict various properties of carbyne. For example, in electrical terms, polyacetylenic carbyne has a band gap in the semiconductor range; In terms of mechanics, the tensile mechanical strength of carbon chains in their length direction is twice that of graphene.
In the experiment, because the carbon chain length of the prepared polyacetylene is limited, various properties of the polyacetylene are changed along with the length of the polyacetylene; With the growth of carbon chain, the relevant properties will tend to a stable value, from which the properties of infinite carbon chain (carbyne) can be inferred.
The band gap, mechanical and thermal properties of polyacetylenic carbon chains are introduced in detail.

3.1 Band gap of carbon chain

The polyene carbon chain has zero band gap and is metallic. Therefore, only the band gaps of polyacetylenic carbon chains are discussed here. The band gap of a finite carbon chain varies with its length, end groups and environment, which means that the band gap of a carbon chain can be controlled by these factors. It should be pointed out that although other low-dimensional materials such as graphene can also adjust the band gap by changing the number of layers, the change is only in the meV order. The band gap of carbon chain can be adjusted from 4 ~ 5 eV to 1. 8 eV, which has a wide range of band gap adjustment[38]. However, for some bulk materials with indirect band gap, when the number of layers is reduced to a single layer, the band gap changes in the order of 0. 1 eV, and changes from an indirect band gap to a direct band gap semiconductor[39].
Although the structure of the carbon chain is simple, due to the long distance charge exchange and interaction, the polyacetylenic carbon chain shows a large bond length difference between one bond and three bonds, which is called BLA (bond length alternation)[40]. At present, BLA can not be observed directly in experiments. Various theoretical calculations show that the properties of carbon chains, such as band gap, are mainly determined by BLA. As the carbon chain length increases, the BLA decreases, which changes the electronic structure and eventually leads to a smaller band gap (as shown in Figure 3). Specifically, in the theoretical calculation of the electronic structure of infinite carbon chains, considering the non-negligible electronic crosslinking effect, electron-phonon coupling and the shift of atomic centers calculated by first-principles, the errors in the system make the results of different theoretical models significantly different, ranging from 0.2 to 8.5 eV[40⇓~42]. In addition, BLA is not only closely related to the length of carbon chain, but also affected by the chemical groups at both ends of the carbon chain or the carbon nanotubes encapsulating the carbon chain. This effect is mainly controlled by the blocking group effect, the twisting and bending effect, and the environmental charge transfer.
The band gap of carbon chains in carbon nanotubes is measured to be 2.6 ~ 1.8 eV[38,43⇓⇓ ~46]. And the band gap of the carbon chain containing 4 to 44 carbon atoms encapsulated by the end group is 4.7 to 2.6 eV[14,47,48]. As shown in fig. 3A, the band gap of short carbon chains in gas phase and solution is compared with that of carbon chains in carbon nanotubes, and it is found that the band gap is greatly affected by the environment. For the same length of carbon chain, the band gap of carbon chain can be changed by 1 eV in gas phase, liquid phase and carbon nanotubes. When the carbon chain is in the carbon nanotube, the band gap is the smallest, which is due to the interaction between the carbon chain and the carbon nanotube affecting the BLA, and there is also charge transfer between them, which together lead to a significant reduction in the band gap of the carbon chain. In addition, as shown in Fig. 3B, it is experimentally found that there is a linear relationship between the band gap of the carbon chain and the frequency of its Raman spectrum characteristic peak, so the band gap of the carbon chain can be inferred according to the peak position of its Raman spectrum characteristic peak.
After comparing with the experimental results, it is found that the Hartree-Fock method overestimates the HOMO-LUMO gap in the theoretical model. The DFT method underestimates the band gap[16,40,49,50]. The BHHLYP and the B3LYP function CAMB3LYP of the Coulomb-attenuating method give relatively larger results but are closer to the experimental results[40,49,51,52]. However, the values of BLA and the phonon vibration frequency of longitudinal optical wave LO at Γ point calculated by quantum Monte Carlo method are in good agreement with the experimental results, although they are much larger than those calculated by DFT[42].

3.2 Mechanical, Thermal and Superconducting Properties of Carbon Chain

The covalent bonds between the carbon atoms that make up the carbon chain have the largest bond energy, and the carbon atoms have the most π electrons for coupling under sp hybridization, so the Young's modulus and tensile strength of the carbon chain predicted by theory surpass those of graphene.
The thermal conductivity affected by the propagation mode of phonon vibration is also comparable to that of carbon nanotubes, graphene and other new carbon nanomaterials. The thermal conductivity of a carbon chain also varies with length, with the longer the chain, the higher the thermal conductivity. In addition, the thermal conductivity can be controlled by stretching or compressing the carbon chain[53]. The heat capacity of carbon chain is 1.5 times higher than that of graphite, which is the allotrope of carbon with the highest heat capacity. In addition, unlike graphite and diamond, the heat capacity of carbon chains varies linearly with temperature, rather than exponentially as carbon materials usually do[54].
According to theoretical predictions, carbon chains can be transformed into superconductors at low temperatures. As shown in fig. 4, the superconducting transition temperature of a carbon chain varies with its structure. The superconducting transition temperature of the common linear carbon chain is also closely related to its BLA, which can be adjusted from 23 K to 81 K by reducing the BLA to enter the liquid nitrogen temperature region. In general, the longer the carbon chain, the smaller the BLA; That is to say, the longer the carbon chain, the higher the superconducting transition temperature. It should be noted that the armchair and zigzag-like carbon chains calculated in Figure 4 have previously been theoretically predicted to be the basic structures of some carbyne compounds, but so far no experiments have proved the existence of these structures[55].

4 Laboratory synthesis of carbon chain

4.1 Top-down organic chemical synthesis

Baeyer, a German chemist, was the first to try to synthesize one-dimensional carbon chains in the laboratory. As early as 1885, he began to try to prepare short carbon chains of polyacetylene type containing less than 8 carbon atoms[4]. This method of synthesizing carbon chains through intermolecular organic chemical reactions is called organic chemical synthesis. This method often uses short carbon chains to react with each other and eventually form longer carbon chains, so it is a bottom-up synthesis method. At the same time, the organic chemical synthesis method stabilizes the carbon chain by introducing an end group, which can be either a simple hydrogen ion or a very large chemical group, and the molecular weight of this chemical group may even exceed that of the carbon chain skeleton, so the whole structure is dumbbell-shaped (Fig. 2D and 2g). Based on this, Hirsch et al. Reviewed in detail the research results of preparing polyacetylenic carbon chains by organic chemistry, and Tykwinski et al. Summarized the recent progress[57][14].
After Baeyer, researchers continued to seek to synthesize longer and more stable carbon chains by enlarging the chemical groups at both ends of the carbon chain. Bohlmann and Jones et al independently synthesized polyacetylenic carbon chains containing 10 triple bonds in 1955 and 1960, respectively[58][59]. Because it is difficult to control the precursors to form polyacetylenic carbon chains effectively, the traditional "bottom-up" synthesis method in organic chemistry is difficult to further increase the length of polyacetylenic carbon chains. In order to solve this problem, Walton et al. Proposed to use silylation to protect the precursor in the reaction, and successfully synthesized a polyacetylenic carbon chain containing 16 triple bonds under this inspiration[60⇓⇓~63][60,61]. Since then, the cadiot-chodkiewicz coupling has become a common method for preparing carbon chains, although the yield of this method is low[58,64]. Gladysz et al. combined the improved Cardio reaction with oxidative coupling reaction to synthesize polyacetylenic carbon chains encapsulated by metal hydrazone end groups[65,66]. It is worth mentioning that this carbon chain has excellent stability and can exist in solid form at room temperature[67⇓~69]. Subsequently, they found that the hexyne-type carbon chain with platinum complex as the end group showed crystalline properties[70]. In addition, a variety of heteroatom groups, such as hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and other metal-type end groups, have been proved to be able to cap the carbon chain[60,71][59,62,72,73][74,75][76,77]. To date, the longest carbon chain synthesized by organic chemistry is a carbon chain containing 44 carbon atoms synthesized by Chalifous and Tykwinski in 2010[14].

4.2 Arc method

The arc method can be applied to the preparation of a variety of carbon nanomaterials, from zero-dimensional fullerenes, to quasi-one-dimensional single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and then to two-dimensional multi-layer graphene[78][2,79][80]. In fact, the arc process can also be used to prepare carbon chains. In the following, the arcs are divided into the liquid phase and the gas phase according to the preparation environment.
Arcing between graphite electrodes in solution can produce carbon chains with end-capped chemical groups, which are usually about 0.6 to 3 nm in length, that is, the carbon chains contain about 6 to 24 carbon atoms. As shown in fig. 5A, the graphite electrode is partially immersed in a solvent (such as n-hexane, acetonitrile, methanol, or water), and an arc is formed between the bottom gaps of the two electrodes. After the discharge, a hydrogen-terminated carbon chain containing up to 18 carbon atoms is obtained[81,82][83]. When the solvent is aromatic organic compounds, the by-products are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)[84]. In addition, the liquid phase arc method can also be used to prepare monocyano and dicyano polyalkyne carbon chains[85,86].
Different from the end-capped carbon chains synthesized by the liquid-phase arc method, the carbon chains synthesized by the gas-phase arc method are wrapped in carbon nanotubes. As shown in fig. 5B, the gas-phase arc method is to perform arc discharge between graphite electrodes in a closed chamber, so as to prepare multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated with carbon chains on the surface of the graphite cathode. The length of the carbon chain obtained by this method can reach more than ten nanometers, containing nearly 100 carbon atoms, which is higher than the length of the end-group closed carbon chain[43,87]. The gas phase environment can be hydrogen, helium, argon, a mixture of hydrogen and argon, and even in a liquid nitrogen environment, carbon chains can be synthesized by arc discharge[88⇓⇓~91]. However, so far, the gas-phase arc method has only been able to synthesize carbon chains in multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Compared with other methods, the gas-phase arc method can realize the synthesis of carbon chain @ carbon nanotubes in one step, and the carbon chain after synthesis is very stable. However, the conditions for the preparation of carbon chains by this method are relatively harsh and the yield is low. In order to solve these two problems, optimizing the applicable conditions of gas phase arc method has become a major research direction in recent years. If a cooling system is introduced into the reaction system, the temperature of the plasma arc and the surface of the cathode can be increased, so that the yield and the purity of carbon chains are improved[92]. In addition, applying a magnetic field to the reaction region to localize the plasma generated by the arc can also improve the yield of the carbon chain[93].
The mechanism of carbon chain synthesis by gas-phase arc method is still unclear, and it is generally believed that the raw material for carbon chain formation is the carbon atoms remaining inside carbon nanotubes. Some studies have pointed out that the growth of carbon chains is related to the growth of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, showing the characteristics of synchronization[87]. In addition, the closed growth mechanism used to describe multi-walled carbon nanotubes is also applicable to the growth of carbon chains, that is, the carbon source undergoes rapid crystallization on the surface and in the interior of large-diameter carbon nanotubes, forming carbon nanotubes with a diameter suitable for stabilizing carbon chains in the interior, and eventually both are stabilized by Van der Waals forces[94]. However, the lack of mechanism research has hindered the further development of gas-phase arc method.

4.3 Laser ablation method

As shown in figs. 5C and 5d, similar to the arc method, the liquid phase laser ablation method is used to place the graphite target in the solution, and when the laser hits the graphite, a high temperature thermal field is generated instantaneously, and short polyacetylene carbon chains can also be prepared[95⇓~97]. When graphite is replaced with carbon nanotubes, hydrogen-terminated polyacetylene-type carbon chains can also be obtained[98]. By laser ablation in a solution containing gold particles, nanometer-scale hexagonal carbon chain crystals composed of short carbon chains can be obtained[8,55]. In addition, carbon chains can also be prepared by laser ablation under gas phase conditions[99]. In fact, it was Kroto's attempt to synthesize carbon chains by laser ablation that led to the discovery of fullerenes.

4.4 High temperature heat treatment

Carbon chains can be grown inside carbon nanotubes by high temperature heat treatment using carbon nanotubes as templates. In that arc method, the carbon chain and the carbon nanotube are co-grown; In the high temperature heat treatment method, carbon nanotubes are used as reaction vessels, and carbon chains are subsequently synthesized inside them. It has been reported that the self-assembly behavior of carbon nanomaterials in carbon nanotubes has been observed, such as the linear self-assembly of adamantane in carbon nanotubes[100]. The characteristic peak of carbon chain was found in the Raman spectrum of double-walled carbon nanotubes after heat treatment under inert gas, and it was considered that short carbon chains were synthesized in carbon nanotubes[101,102]. In order to obtain longer carbon chains, double-walled carbon nanotubes were filled with polyacetylenic short carbon chains containing 10 carbon atoms, and after heat treatment below 1000 ℃, the Raman spectra showed that these short carbon chains were fused into long carbon chains, but the specific length was unknown[103]. Recently, it has been experimentally confirmed that ultra-long carbon chains with a length of more than 800 nm can be prepared by high vacuum and high temperature heat treatment, that is, the carbon chain consists of more than 6000 carbon atoms[24]. Fig. 6 shows a transmission electron microscope image of a carbon chain in a double-walled carbon nanotube. According to the single near-field Raman spectroscopy, these ultra-long carbon chains can be considered as carbyne[25].

4.5 Irradiation method

The methods described above, such as arc discharge, laser etching and high temperature treatment, provide an extreme condition to promote the formation of carbon chains. Table 2 summarizes the synthesis of carbon chains by the three methods. Similarly, carbon chains can be obtained by providing energy by means of irradiation. As shown in fig. 7, the formation of carbon chains was observed during the gradual expansion of the holes in the single-layer graphene with pore-like defects under electron irradiation by an electron microscope[104,105]. A similar form of carbon chain has been observed during the stretching of carbon nanotubes[106]. However, the carbon chain length obtained above is short, the existence time is limited, and the formation process is difficult to control, so it is more suitable for the study of carbon chain performance and mechanism[107,108]. After the field emission experiment in vacuum using single-walled carbon nanotubes as cathode, the characteristic peak of carbon chain also appeared in the Raman spectrum of the cathode sample[94,109,110]. In addition, the characteristic peaks of carbon chains were also found in the Raman spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes treated by X-ray[111].

4.6 Urface chemical synthesis

Surface chemistry reveals the rich and unique properties of phase interfaces, and surface chemical synthesis methods have excellent potential in the preparation of nanostructures. Novel carbon materials such as unique fullerenes, graphene nanoribbons and single-walled carbon nanotubes with single chirality were synthesized by this method[112][113][114]. Recently, metalated carbyne has also been successfully synthesized on copper surface[115]. As shown in Figure 8, acetylene molecules deposited on the copper surface form carbon chains through dehydrogenative coupling reactions under high vacuum and 450 K ambient conditions. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images showed that the synthesized carbon chains were aligned along the [110] orientation of the copper crystal. The transition from a polyene carbon chain to a polyalkyne carbon chain can also be achieved by atom manipulation using the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope[116].
More interestingly, as shown in Fig. 9, under the condition of double-layer NaCl surface and 5 K temperature, the carbon monoxide group (CO) in the C24O6 of the precursor epoxidized carbon molecule can be removed by using the tip of the atomic force microscope, and finally the cyclo [18] carbon is successfully prepared, that is, the cyclic carbon chain composed of 18 carbon atoms[117]. The results of high resolution atomic force microscopy show that the carbon atoms in the carbon ring are bonded by alternating single and triple bonds, that is, the polyacetylenic carbon chain is formed. In addition, by sublimation deposition of the precursor bBEBP molecules, carbon nanowires with both sp and sp2 hybrid structures were prepared on the gold surface[118].

5 Conclusion and prospect

The research history of carbon chain can be traced back to the end of the 19th century, which has experienced more than 100 years of development and made some breakthroughs in research. However, compared with other carbon allotropes, people's understanding of carbon chain is not deep enough, and there are still many unknowns waiting for people to explore. The unique sp hybrid structure of carbon chain makes it have excellent basic properties. For the end-capped carbon chains, these properties can be controlled by the length of the carbon chain and its rich end-group selection. For the carbon chain encapsulated by carbon nanotubes, the interaction and charge transfer between them affect the properties of the carbon chain itself. At present, the main direction of basic research is the controllable synthesis of carbon chains. How to synthesize carbon chains with high purity, high yield, good stability and controllable length on a large scale is still an urgent problem to be solved. However, the performance and application research are still in the stage of theoretical prediction. The following research directions are expected to become future research hotspots and breakthroughs:
(1) the growth mechanism of carbon chains is deeply studied, and the controllable synthesis of carbon chains with different lengths is realized; Ynthesizing a stable overlong carbon chain, namely carbyne; Improve the yield of the existing carbon chain and provide a prerequisite for the large-scale production and application of the carbon chain.
(2) To explore ways to give full play to the excellent properties of carbon chains. Theoretical calculations show that the mechanical strength of carbon chains is higher than that of diamond, which is expected to be used as mechanical reinforcement materials[26]. Studies have shown that carbon fiber compounds composed of carbon chains may have higher strength than current carbon fibers and have great potential as aerospace materials[55]. The band gap of the carbon chain is adjustable with the length and the applied tension, and the minimum band gap is 1. 5 eV, which is a typical semiconductor, making it a great potential for the preparation of single-atom width semiconductor transistors. The nonlinear optical properties of carbon chains also make them useful in the fabrication of frequency conversion devices[119]. In addition, carbon chains are predicted to be useful as energy storage and hydrogen storage materials[120,121][122].
(3) The synthesis and application of carbon chain crystals is one of the most important research directions in the future. The above discussions are all about carbon chain molecules, and how to achieve the synthesis of large carbon chain crystals is a major challenge, which is related to the experimental determination of various basic properties of carbon chains and the exploration of practical applications.

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Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China(51902353)

Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2019A1515011227)

Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(29000-31610028)

Science and Technology Innovation Strategy Fund of Guangdong Province(pdjh2020b0018)

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