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Recent Progress in Shape Memory Polymer and Its Applications

Yongwei Wang , Hai Wu , Peiqi Yin

Progress in Chemistry ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (4) : 707 -730.

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Progress in Chemistry ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (4) : 707-730 DOI: 10.7536/PC20250716
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Recent Progress in Shape Memory Polymer and Its Applications
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Abstract

Shape memory polymers （SMPs） are a class of intelligent materials that can autonomously return to their predetermined shape in response to external stimuli， such as temperature， light， electric fields， and magnetic fields， etc. By now， SMPs have attracted significant attention due to advancements in science and technology， emerging as a novel and promising smart material. Owing to their structural flexibility and versatility， SMPs exhibit tremendous potential across a variety of fields， including biomedical engineering， textiles， and aerospace， etc. This review will explore the diverse applications of SMPs in various fields， beginning with an overview of their classification， characteristics， and development history， before delving into their application prospects. The article will conclude by examining the current challenges faced by SMPs and offering insights into their futuredevelopment trends.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Classification of shape memory polymers

2.1 One-way shape memory polymers

2.2 Two-way shape memory polymers

2.3 Thermadapt shape memory polymers

2.4 Shape memory polymers with programmable recovery onset

3 Applications

3.1 Scaffold and drug release

3.2 Self-tightening sutures and procoagulant foam

3.3 Textile

3.4 Aerospace

3.5 Sensor

3.6 Information safety

3.7 Architecture

4 Conclusion and outlook

Graphical abstract

Keywords

shape memory polymers / thermadapt shape memory polymers / two-way shape memory polymers

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Yongwei Wang, Hai Wu, Peiqi Yin. Recent Progress in Shape Memory Polymer and Its Applications. Progress in Chemistry, 2026, 38(4): 707-730 DOI:10.7536/PC20250716

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1 Introduction

Shape memory polymers (SMPs)[1-3]under external stimuli (such as temperature[4-6], humidity[7-8], electric field[9-10], magnetic field[11-13], light irradiation[14-18], pH value[19], water[20-21], etc.) (Figure 1), are capable of recovering their original shape or a specific preset shape[22]; this shape change process is usually accompanied by the rearrangement of the internal microstructure of the material[23], thereby leading to the recovery of their macroscopic shape. Therefore, shape memory polymers exhibit different shape memory effects under different environmental conditions[24], possessing high adaptability and flexibility[25]. Although the concept of shape memory first appeared in polymer research in the 1940s, it did not attract attention from the academic community[26]. In the 1960s, with the emergence of heat-shrink films and heat-shrink tubes[3], due to their excellent self-healing and adaptive capabilities, such materials began to enter the public eye and received significant attention in science and technology.
Shape memory materials are mainly divided into shape memory alloys (SMA) and shape memory polymers (SMPs)[27]. With the continuous progress of materials science, the types and functions of SMPs have become increasingly rich; they not only possess good processability[28], but can also deform at lower temperatures. Compared with shape memory alloys[29], shape memory polymer materials, in terms of processability[30], lightweighting[31], and diversity[32-34], have significant advantages in application[35], while also possessing better biocompatibility[36], making them widely applicable in aerospace, smart textiles[37], medicine[38], robotics[39], and other fields[3].
For example, in the aerospace field, SMPs can be used to manufacture adaptive and deformable structures[2]; in the medical field, biodegradable SMPs are applied to create smart implants for controlled drug release[40], as well as adjustable stents for surgical procedures; in robotics-related research[41], SMPs are used as soft robots with self-healing capabilities[42-44], capable of responding to external environmental changes and performing dynamic adjustments[39,45]; in the field of smart textiles, SMPs can be applied to smart clothing and automatically adjusting personal protective equipment.
Although SMPs have demonstrated significant application potential across various fields[46], but its development still faces some challenges. For instance, the shape memory performance of SMPs is often limited by the thermal stability and response speed of the materials.[47]especially at higher operating temperatures, its performance is often unstable.[48]. Meanwhile, how to improve the mechanical properties of SMPs and enhance their durability and reliability[49]is also a key issue in research. This paper aims to review the current development status of shape memory polymer materials, analyze their applications in various fields, discuss the challenges faced during their development, and prospect future research directions and application prospects.

2 Classification of Shape Memory Polymer Materials

The deformation process of shape memory materials can typically be divided into three stages: the shape fixing stage, the shape holding stage, and the shape recovery stage. In the shape fixing stage[50], the material undergoes significant deformation through external forces (such as stretching[51], compression, etc.[52]) and achieves the fixation of the predetermined shape through cooling, etc.[53], and achieves the fixation of the predetermined shape through methods such as cooling[54-55]. The shape holding stage, also known as the temporary shape stage, refers to the stage where, after the shape is fixed[56], the material can maintain this deformation for a long time without external stimuli[57]. This process is crucial for the performance of shape memory materials[58]; it not only determines the stability of the material's deformation[4], but also provides the necessary conditions for subsequent shape recovery[59]. In this stage, the molecular chain structure of the material is usually in a lower energy state[60-61], and possesses the potential to recover to its original shape[62]. The shape recovery stage is the stage where the material recovers to its preset shape under external stimulus conditions (such as temperature, electric field, magnetic field, etc.)[63-64]. During this process, the structure of the molecular chains changes[65], causing changes in the macroscopic shape of the material, ultimately recovering from the temporary shape to its original or preset shape[66]. The material can adjust and recover its shape according to changes in external conditions[67]; by precisely controlling external environmental conditions[68], precise control over the recovery process of shape memory materials can be achieved. Shape memory polymer materials are generally classified into traditional one-way shape memory polymers and two-way shape memory polymers. With the emergence of printing technology, 3D printed SMPs have been developed, along with thermally adaptive shape memory polymers capable of achieving original shape deformation and programmable shape memory polymers with controllable recovery initiation. This article will expand on these aspects and introduce their related applications and future development.

2.1 One-way shape memory polymer

One-way shape memory polymers (1W-SMPs) refer to a type of polymer material with a simple shape memory effect, capable of recovering to their preset shape under specific external stimuli. One-way shape memory materials[69]are limited to shape changes in a single direction; if reused, they require reprogramming (Figure 2a), possessing certain application potential[70], especially offering advantages in scenarios requiring high-precision control and unidirectional deformation[71]. However, when dealing with complex and changing environments requiring multiple morphological changes, the single-response characteristic of such materials exhibits certain limitations. Therefore, in practical applications, their suitability must be fully considered when selecting this type of material.
Li et al.[72]proposed a novel method inspired by traditional Chinese drum tower architecture, integrating an epoxy-amine-acrylate photopolymerization system to rapidly construct multifunctional shape-memory smart devices with complex rigid 3D geometric structures. This approach effectively overcomes limitations of conventional techniques regarding structural complexity, response speed, and mechanical properties (Fig. 2b). The method centers on a two-stage reaction: In the first stage, chemical crosslinking between epoxy and amine groups produces polymer films with excellent transparency and glass transition temperatures ranging from 29 to 49 °C. Subsequently, these films are cut into 2D paper-cutting patterns inspired by the drum tower structure (Fig. 2c). In the second stage, UV irradiation induces radical polymerization of methacrylate groups within the film, leading to further crosslinking and the formation of 3D structures (Fig. 2d), which significantly enhances their thermomechanical properties,Tg increases to 66–138 °C. The resulting 3D structures can withstand external loads up to 1000 times their own weight, demonstrating exceptional structural stability and rigidity. Furthermore, this strategy offers extremely high fabrication efficiency, completing the rapid transformation from 2D patterns to 3D structures with just 1 second of UV exposure. Meanwhile, shape-memory electronic devices featuring 3D paper-cut structures exhibit superior shape-memory performance, transitioning from 2D films to permanent 3D paper-cut shapes (Fig. 2e), providing a promising approach for the low-cost, high-precision manufacturing of electronic devices, smart structures, soft robots, and other cutting-edge applications.
Guan et al.[73]By adjusting the crosslinking density and introducing flexible aliphatic epoxy chains, an epoxy polymer capable of changing shape at physiological temperatures was successfully synthesized, and its applications in the field of biomedical materials were explored. After programming, this polymer can transform into various shapes. Specifically, the sample is first heated and softened in a water bath at approximately 60 °C for about 5 s; then, the sample is removed and manually deformed into a wave shape (temporary shape); subsequently, it is transferred to a cold water bath at approximately 10 °C to fix the shape. To test its shape memory properties, the sample was immersed in a water bath at 60 °C. After heating for about 6 s, the polymer was able to completely recover its original strip shape, demonstrating excellent shape fixation and recovery capabilities (Figure 2f). Subsequently, after multiple shape memory cycles, the recovered shape of the polymer was almost identical to the original shape, indicating good memory capability and shape stability. Meanwhile, the polymer exhibited good biocompatibility, effectively supporting cell growth, which demonstrates its great potential in biomedical applications such as vascular stents and tissue scaffolds.

2.2 Two-way shape memory polymer

Due to their overly simple properties, one-way shape memory polymers require reprogramming to achieve the shape memory effect again after recovering to their original shape, which imposes significant limitations. In contrast, two-way shape memory polymers (2W-SMPs) can undergo reversible shape transitions between two states under external stimuli.[9,76]. Two-way shape memory materials can be driven by temperature, light, or other stimuli.[77]. When thermally responsive SMPs cool from a high-temperature state to a low-temperature state, they transition from their initial shape to a temporary shape (Figure 3). Upon reheating, the material spontaneously reverts from the temporary shape back to the initial shape.[75]. In some special materials, besides thermal driving, other external stimuli (such as electric fields, light, or magnetic fields) may also be involved to drive their morphological transitions.[78]. The design of two-way shape memory materials enables them to spontaneously switch between two morphologies under specific conditions.[79-80]. This means that such materials possess higher adaptability when dealing with complex and changing environments requiring multiple morphological changes.[81], meeting the demands for multi-scenario applications.
Liang et al.[82]successfully prepared smart shape memory polymers (SMPs) via thiol-ene chemistry, utilizing biocompatible hydrophobic polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) and hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) oligomers (Figure 4a). These polymers exhibit a body temperature-triggered two-way shape memory effect (2W-SME) and a triple-shape memory effect triggered by both body temperature and water (1W-triple SME) (Figure 4b). In the 2W-SME, the high melting point of PEG and the low melting point of PTHF work together; through pre-stretching at high temperatures and cooling to solidify, a two-way shape memory effect is achieved between 37 °C and low temperatures. When the temperature rises, the polymer recovers from its temporary shape to the predetermined memorized shape, and when the temperature decreases again, it returns to the temporary shape, achieving reversible shape changes. The reversible strain can reach up to 25.2%, demonstrating potential application value (Figure 4c). In the triple-shape memory effect, external forces are applied at different temperatures to deform the polymer and fix temporary shapes. Subsequently, shape recovery is triggered separately by the body temperature sensitivity of PTHF and the hydrophilicity of PEG, achieving a dual-triggered triple-shape memory effect by body temperature and water. These effects stem from the different crystalline melting transition temperatures between PTHF and PEG and the hydrophilic characteristics of PEG, endowing the polymers with unique smart responsive properties.

2.3 Thermally adaptive shape memory polymer materials

Once traditional shape memory polymers are synthesized, their original shape becomes fixed. However, fields such as medicine, aerospace, and robotics require various complex original shapes. Since the original shape cannot be altered after synthesis, this greatly limits the development of shape memory polymers. Moreover, re-synthesizing shape memory polymers with complex three-dimensional original shapes that meet specifications would consume significant human and material resources. To address these existing problems, thermally adaptable shape memory polymers have emerged. Thermally adaptable shape memory polymers are a class of smart materials with unique molecular structures and responsive properties, capable of changing their original shape under specific external conditions[83-85]. Subsequently, when such materials are reheated to their glass transition temperature (Tg) or melting point (Tm), the polymer chain segments gain sufficient freedom, allowing their temporary shape to be programmed; subsequently, during the cooling process, this temporary shape is fixed[86]. Upon being heated again to a predetermined temperature, the frozen chain segments within the material are reactivated, driving it to rapidly recover its new original shape[87]. It is worth emphasizing that this process is not simply caused by thermal expansion and contraction, but rather results from the synergistic effects of chain segment motion, micro-phase structure reorganization, and physical/chemical crosslinking points within the polymer system. Therefore, thermally adaptable shape memory polymers not only exhibit excellent programmability and reversibility[88], but also demonstrate broad development potential in cutting-edge applications such as soft robotics and intelligent medical devices[88], self-healing materials, and other frontier applications.
Transforming planar two-dimensional polymer membranes into complex three-dimensional structures via simple and effective methods presents certain challenges, yet practical applications demand materials with intricate and refined 3D architectures. Dynamic covalent polymer networks can achieve permanent shape transitions from 2D films to 3D structures, although this process typically requires complex molecular design or manufacturing techniques. Wang et al.[89]reported a shape memory polymer crosslinked by ester bonds. The mechanism by which this material acquires a permanent complex initial shape is as follows: upon light exposure, the material releases a catalyst for transesterification reactions; subsequently, heating activates dynamic bond exchange. Due to the spatiotemporal selectivity of light, the catalyst enabling bond exchange is generated only in specifically irradiated regions. Furthermore, because light intensity attenuates gradiently along the thickness direction of the material, the catalyst concentration also exhibits a corresponding gradient decay. Regions with higher catalyst concentrations undergo extensive dynamic bond exchange, whereas regions with lower catalyst concentrations experience almost no such exchange. Consequently, the material exhibits heterogeneous local stress relaxation. After external forces are removed, exposed and unexposed regions undergo different deformation mechanisms: exposed regions display plastic deformation, while unexposed regions undergo elastic recovery. Ultimately, the 2D film is successfully transformed into a complex 3D structure (Figure 5). The decoupling of activation regions (exposed areas) and activation conditions (heating conditions) provides a flexible approach for 2D-to-3D shape transformation, significantly simplifying the process. Thermally adaptable shape memory polymers primarily address the issue of overly simple initial material shapes. Moreover, these materials can realize bidirectional and multi-shape transformations, enabling the 3D structuring, refinement, and complexification of the initial shapes of shape memory polymers, thus holding high application potential.

2.4 Recoverable initially programmable shape memory polymer materials

Traditional shape memory polymers typically rely on external stimuli (such as heating, light exposure, etc.) to achieve shape recovery[90], which poses certain challenges in practical applications[91]. For example, for implantable medical devices, it is difficult to trigger shape recovery due to the difficulty of applying external stimuli[92], while polymers relying on natural stimuli (such as human body temperature[82]) cannot precisely control the start time of shape recovery, which may lead to unstable effects or outcomes not meeting expectations in some specific application scenarios[37]. Xie Tao, Zhao Qian, and others from Zhejiang University[93]utilized phase separation effects to develop a shape memory material with delayed recovery characteristics. Unlike traditional SMPs based on thermal phase transitions that rely on heat transfer to achieve shape transformation, the shape transformation kinetics of this material are dominated by internal mass diffusion. After programming, it exists in a phase-separated state where polymer chains aggregate and molecular mobility is restricted; during natural cooling, water diffuses into the polymer regions, enhancing segmental molecular mobility, and macroscopic shape recovery is controlled by a slow mass diffusion process (Figure 6a). This mechanism makes shape recovery unaffected by heat transfer, fundamentally changing the mode of shape memory recovery and successfully achieving naturally triggered, controllable recovery processes. That is, this hydrogel breaks through the limitations of traditional shape memory materials, no longer relying on external stimuli to achieve shape recovery, but instead utilizing its own delayed recovery characteristics to achieve shape recovery, and can precisely control the timing of shape recovery by adjusting the degree of phase separation. By fabricating the material film into a "windmill" shape and programming it at 90 °C for 60 min, in a 25 °C environment, the material does not immediately recover its shape, but begins shape recovery only after a delay period (Figure 6b); monitoring infrared images of the hydrogel, among other methods, verified the delayed mechanism. This discovery offers significant advantages for implantable medical devices; as mentioned earlier, traditional SMPs are difficult to subject to external stimuli in practical applications, whereas SMPs with programmable recovery start times can prevent premature unfolding of the material during delivery, thereby playing an important role in biomedical detection and diagnosis (Figure 6c, d).
SMPs can achieve stimulus-free shape transitions, but it remains difficult to realize arbitrary multi-shape deformations[94]. To this end, Huang Jiacheng et al.[95]synthesized a unique shape memory material with autonomous recovery behavior. Based on the effect of light on the crosslinking density of the material, they regulated its phase separation kinetics and the onset time of shape recovery. This class of shape memory materials contains nitrocinnamate (NC) groups, which undergo dimerization under light irradiation. When the material is exposed to UV light at different temperatures, the dimerization of NC groups leads to changes in crosslinking density. These variations in crosslinking density at different temperatures further affect the degree of phase separation in the network, and different degrees of phase separation ultimately result in different onset times for shape recovery. Thus, the onset time of the material can be regulated via UV exposure. Leveraging the spatiotemporal selectivity of light for regulating the onset time, patterned exposure was applied to the material. By controlling the temperature and exposure time in different regions, distinct regions of the hydrogel were endowed with different recovery onset times (Figure 7). At constant room temperature, based on simple mechanical programming (such as stretching), the material can recover its shape in a preset sequence, achieving multi-shape deformation without external stimuli. For instance, fabricated "lantern" (Figure 7c), "windmill," and "hand"-shaped materials, after different regions were exposed to UV light for varying durations, could spontaneously unfold in a preset sequence at room temperature, demonstrating potential application value. However, recoverable onset-programmable shape memory polymers currently can only achieve one-way shape memory; research in fields such as two-way shape memory is expected to become a future hotspot.

3 Application

With the continuous development of polymer materials, especially breakthroughs in precise control of microstructures[96](such as dynamic crosslinking of polymer segments) and the rapid development of advanced manufacturing technologies (such as micro-nano 3D and 4D printing technologies)[72,97-101], the "intelligent" characteristics of shape memory materials are reflected not only in their ability to achieve shape recovery[102-104], but also in their multifunctionality[105-109]. Through continuous innovation in material design and manufacturing processes, shape memory materials can play unique roles in more complex scenarios[110]. This series of technological advancements enables shape memory materials to have potential application value in high-end fields such as aerospace[111], biomedical healthcare[112], and flexible electronics (Figure 8). In the aerospace field[113], shape memory materials can be used to manufacture adaptive wing surfaces, etc.[114], enhancing the performance and reliability of aircraft[115]. In the biomedical healthcare field[116], these materials can be applied to implantable medical devices[117-119], drug delivery[120-122], etc., providing patients with smarter and more personalized treatment plans[123-125]. In the field of flexible electronics[126], the application of shape memory materials enables flexible sensors[127-129], wearable devices, and other products to possess more flexible forms and stronger performance[130], driving the leapforward development of smart materials.

3.1 Medical stents and drug delivery

In 1959, the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory developed nickel-titanium shape memory alloy, initiating the application of shape memory materials in the medical field[131]. Shape memory materials hold immense application prospects in the biomedical field[132], such as hemostatic gels[133-135], medical stents[136-139], drug delivery systems[140-141], health monitoring systems[142-144], and surgical sutures[145]. Recently, since SMPs can achieve biodegradability[146-149], this biodegradability eliminates the need for a second surgery to remove implants[150], alleviating patient suffering during treatment[151-152]. For example, SMP foams in hemostatic patches degrade over time, eliminating the need to remove the patch[153]. In clinical treatment, the ideal drug administration method is the timely and accurate release of an appropriate drug dose at the lesion site[154]; however, such administration is very difficult to control in actual treatment processes. Applying SMPs to drug delivery systems enables precise controlled drug release[155]. Jahangiri et al.[156-157]prepared shape memory membranes for drug release using in situ (pre-crosslinking) or swelling (post-crosslinking) methods. The experiment revealed that, compared to the in situ method, the swelling method might have certain negative effects on drug-loaded films, influencing the shape memory performance of the drug delivery device. The unique response mechanism of SMPs also holds broad application prospects in cardiovascular stents, esophageal stents, and bone stents[158]. Cho et al.[159]combined osteoconductive hydroxyapatite (HAp) with shape memory polymers (SMP) to design an H-SMP composite material for osteochondral regeneration. HAp creates crystalline "peaks" on the H-SMP surface, increasing surface roughness, thereby enhancing cell-matrix interactions and facilitating bone tissue regeneration. The H-SMP material not only retains the shape memory properties of SMPs for easy implantation but also accelerates degradation through the action of HAp, adapting to bone tissue growth (Fig. 9a, b). Beyond applying SMPs to cartilage scaffolds, Wang Lizhen et al. from Beihang University[160], inspired by cucumber tendrils, developed a minimally invasive degradable PGD NP scaffold using poly(glycerol dodecanoate) (PGD) (Fig. 9c) to treat intervertebral disc degeneration. Once the nucleus pulposus (NP) in the intervertebral disc degenerates, its self-repair capability is extremely weak. Currently common treatments, such as spinal fusion or discectomy, are highly invasive and may damage surrounding tissues, even triggering adjacent segment disease. This scaffold appears as a thin rod at room temperature and can be implanted minimally invasively via a fine needle. After implantation in the human body, stimulated by body temperature, it automatically curls into a spiral sheet, significantly increasing its cross-sectional area and effectively preventing the scaffold from being extruded from the puncture hole. By adjusting reaction parameters (such as the molar ratio of hydroxyl to carboxyl groups and curing time), the mechanical properties of the scaffold can be tuned to approximate those of the natural nucleus pulposus, thereby maintaining intervertebral disc height stability. Furthermore, researchers immobilized stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), enabling the scaffold to recruit surrounding autologous stem cells and promote nucleus pulposus tissue regeneration. Animal experiments (Fig. 9d) results indicate that this scaffold exhibits excellent biocompatibility (supporting cell adhesion and proliferation), degradability (gradually degrading within 9 weeks), high SDF-1α loading capacity, and slow sustained release characteristics. The regenerated nucleus pulposus tissue structure is stable with low fibrosis, the rate of osteophyte formation is significantly reduced, and overall mechanical properties approach those of normal intervertebral disc tissue. In summary, this PGD scaffold provides a novel therapeutic strategy for intervertebral disc degeneration and demonstrates broad application prospects in repairing irreversible tissue injuries such as cartilage.
Traditional cardiovascular and esophageal stents are mostly made of metal materials and installed in the body via surgery to provide support[156]. However, the shape memory properties of SMPs align very well with the requirements for stents such as those for cardiovascular and esophageal applications[160], thereby making research on the application of SMPs in this area a current hot topic[161]. Wang et al.[116]successfully improved the brittleness of shape memory polylactic acid (PLA) by introducing degradable poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) material, and used plasticizers to lower the transition temperature of the SMP composites, enabling them to trigger deformation under conditions close to body temperature. Furthermore, they prepared SMP fibers with a wrinkled structure using electrospinning technology. By regulating the microstructure and morphology, they achieved a reversible transition between the wrinkled and smooth states on the fiber surface. This morphology-controllable material demonstrated excellent performance in research on postoperative intelligent controlled drug release and scar inhibition: drug-loaded fiber membranes after tensile deformation exhibited a faster drug release rate compared to their original form. Meanwhile, these micro-nano fiber membranes showed good anti-scar effects, and their performance was further enhanced after drug loading. Liang et al.[82]prepared shape memory polymers (SMPs) based on hydrophobic polytetrahydrofuran and hydrophilic polyethylene glycol oligomers via thiol-ene click chemistry. These polymers possess dual responsiveness to body temperature and water. Using this, they conducted a proof of concept and proposed a novel polymer network esophageal stent capable of releasing a large load of drugs at the lesion site (Fig. 10a~d). During surgery, the biodegradable polymer stent is compressed into a small size through deformation (Fig. 10b), facilitating insertion into the body via a catheter. Upon reaching the predetermined position, the stent automatically recovers its original shape with changes in temperature, thereby expanding the vessel or duct wall to ensure patency[162]. Compared to traditional metal stents, this type of polymer material stent, featuring shape memory and biodegradability, offers the advantage of avoiding secondary surgeries[163], significantly alleviating patient suffering during the treatment process.
Currently, the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding typically rely on endoscopy; however, traditional flexible wired tools face difficulties when performing treatments in areas such as the colon wall and small intestine, accompanied by risks including rebleeding, patient discomfort, and intestinal wall perforation. Furthermore, certain regions, such as the small intestine, are difficult to reach, and medications may diffuse into healthy tissues. Although tetherless devices are considered an effective solution to these problems, there remains a gap in existing technologies regarding the use of soft robotic carriers for gastrointestinal diagnosis and drug delivery. Heunis et al.[165]designed a tetherless, magnetically responsive shape-memory soft carrier (Fig. 10c–e). This soft carrier can wirelessly move to target locations within in vivo simulated environments, achieving shape-memory transitions and targeted drug delivery, with the drug fully dissolving within approximately 15 minutes. Featuring characteristics such as being tetherless, magnetically driven, and capable of temperature-controlled shape transitions, this material can move safely and effectively within the gastrointestinal tract to deliver drugs, significantly reducing patient trauma and discomfort. Currently, the medical field has become one of the most promising areas for the application of shape-memory materials.[156,158], this material demonstrates significant potential for clinical applications, laying a solid foundation for advancing the development of shape-memory medical materials.

3.2 Promote wound healing

Wound healing is a crucial biological process of self-repair in the human body; however, many factors (such as infection, diabetes, malnutrition, etc.) can lead to impaired trauma healing. Therefore, searching for novel materials capable of promoting wound healing has become an important direction in medical research. Shape memory materials, by virtue of their unique ability to automatically recover their shape in response to external stimuli, demonstrate distinct advantages in trauma repair and the medical field. Through intelligent control and adaptive regulation, shape memory materials can not only accelerate wound healing but also reduce the risk of infection and improve healing quality. Liu Huan et al.[145]developed a bio-based shape memory fiber (PU-CA-EG) based on bile acids. This fiber was prepared via a one-pot polymerization method using natural cholic acid (CA) and oligo(ethylene glycol) (EGₙ) as raw materials (Fig. 11a~d). In vitro experimental results showed that in cytotoxicity tests and hemolysis assessments, the material exhibited no toxicity to cells, with a hemolysis rate close to zero, fully meeting standards for clinical application. Regarding in vivo experiments, in rat wound suture studies, PU-CA-EG fibers demonstrated healing speeds comparable to traditional polyglycolic acid (PGA) and nylon sutures (Fig. 11d), while inducing smaller inflammatory responses and being easier to remove. Furthermore, in smart suture applications, aided by infrared laser irradiation or thermal stimulation, the material can achieve self-tightening (Fig. 11b, c). This characteristic effectively avoids secondary injury caused during the removal of traditional sutures, providing superior conditions for wound healing. This bio-based shape memory fiber addresses deficiencies in traditional biomedical materials regarding biocompatibility, operational convenience, and functional singularity, offering a safer and more efficient solution for surgical suturing, tissue repair, and intelligent medical devices.
In addition to wound suture fibers, hemostatic foams represent another important direction in current research on wound healing materials. These materials are primarily used for emergency medical scenarios such as trauma bleeding, intraoperative hemostasis, and battlefield rescue, offering significant advantages including rapid hemostasis, safety, high efficiency, and ease of operation. Du et al.[134]designed a shape memory polymer foam material (DVA foam) possessing both antibacterial and hemostatic functions. By incorporating vanillic acid (VA) into shape memory polymer (SMP) foams, they successfully fabricated DVA foam (Figure 11e), which demonstrates excellent hemostatic, antibacterial, and biocompatible properties. This DVA foam can induce both primary and secondary hemostasis: on one hand, its surface chemistry and porous structure promote platelet activation and aggregation, thereby triggering the primary hemostasis mechanism; on the other hand, vanillic acid significantly enhances thrombin activity and fibrin formation, subsequently activating the secondary hemostasis mechanism to further accelerate blood coagulation. In a porcine liver injury model, rapid hemostasis was achieved within approximately 4 minutes and 45 seconds by injecting DVA foam powder into the wound using a syringe followed by brief manual pressure (Figure 11fIn summary, with its outstanding hemostatic, antibacterial, and shape memory performance, DVA foam holds immense potential for applications in emergency medicine, battlefield trauma treatment, and surgical procedures, providing new insights for the development of innovative hemostatic materials.

3.3 Smart Textiles

In recent years, with technological advancements, people's living standards have significantly improved, and wearing comfort has become a basic human need[166]. To date, the structure and function of most textiles are typically fixed and unchanging[167], making it difficult to adjust in real time according to environmental changes[168]. Compared to traditional fabrics with static structures, active fabrics possess the unique ability to respond to external environmental stimuli[42,113]. Particularly, textile materials with shape memory functions can actively adjust their own form or structure based on factors such as temperature and humidity[169]. This characteristic enables active fabrics to demonstrate significant application potential and advantages in multiple fields[170]. Benecke et al.[171]found in their research[167]that the spinning method has a significant impact on the shape memory effect of thermoplastic polyurethane yarns. The study prepared yarns with shape memory properties using melt spinning and wet spinning methods, and analyzed the influence of the spinning method and related parameters on their shape memory performance. The activation and fixing temperatures of the shape memory effect were determined via Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Three types of yarns were prepared using melt spinning and wet spinning respectively: DesmoM80, DesmoW2.2, and DesmoW3, while varying the draw ratio. DSC measurements showed that all three yarns underwent distinct phase transitions within the ranges of 45 °C (endothermic) and 10–15 °C (exothermic), indicating excellent shape memory performance. Both melt spinning and wet spinning successfully produced uniform multifilament yarns; melt-spun yarns exhibited smooth surfaces and higher spinning speeds, whereas wet-spun yarns displayed a fibrillar structure that became more pronounced with increasing draw ratio, along with the appearance of interconnecting filaments. In strain fixing and recovery tests, the shape fixity rate of melt-spun yarns (DesmoM80) was approximately 70%, higher than that of wet-spun yarns; however, the shape recovery rates of all yarns approached 100%. In stress testing, wet-spun yarns generated higher stress than melt-spun yarns, and the stress of wet-spun yarns decreased as the draw ratio increased. By comparing the shape memory characteristics of yarns prepared via melt spinning and wet spinning, it was found that wet spinning could generate higher stress, while melt spinning performed superiorly in terms of shape fixity. Overall, the shape recovery rate for all yarns was 100%. The results indicate that both the spinning method and draw ratio significantly affect the shape memory effect of shape memory yarns, providing important references for selecting appropriate spinning processes for shape memory yarns in different application areas[171].
Humans are homeothermic animals; factors such as body temperature, osmotic pressure, pH, and hormone levels significantly impact human homeostasis. To maintain stable body temperature, humans can respond to external temperature changes through mechanisms like sweating. However, this self-regulatory capacity is limited; therefore, people need clothing to enhance their adaptability to external temperature fluctuations. Clothing helps resist high or low temperatures through thermal insulation[172], but simultaneously, sweat produced by the human body struggles to be expelled, failing to provide a dry working environment for the skin. Choe et al.[167]developed a smart textile (Fig. 12a, b) by dissolving polylactic acid (PLA), polyurethane (PU), and graphene oxide (GO) into a homogeneous solution, forming layered porous smart material polymer fibers via wet spinning in a coagulation bath. Subsequently, these fibers were woven into textiles, and silver nanowires (AgNWs) were sprayed onto one side of the fabric. This layered porous structure significantly enhances the material's thermal insulation by blocking heat conduction, convection, and radiation. The addition of graphene oxide (GO) to the fibers improves their mechanical strength, making them suitable for further textile processing. Meanwhile, the AgNW spray imparts high infrared reflectivity (effectively reducing heat transfer) and significant hydrophilic/hydrophobic asymmetry (the AgNW side is hydrophilic, while the bare fiber side is hydrophobic), thereby achieving directional moisture transport (i.e., moisture flows from the hydrophobic side to the hydrophilic side). The thermal insulation performance of this SMP textile can be adjusted as needed: when the fibers are stretched, the gaps between them increase and cracks appear in the AgNW layer, leading to reduced insulation; conversely, under compression, the gaps between fibers decrease, enhancing the insulation effect (Fig. 12c). Through tensile or compressive deformation, the variation in thermal insulation performance can reach 65.7% of the original value, and the insulation remains stable after multiple cycles of deformation and recovery. This textile exhibits asymmetric wettability, with the AgNW side being hydrophilic and the other side hydrophobic, allowing water droplets to flow from the hydrophobic side to the hydrophilic side. Directional water flow can be precisely controlled via tensile or compressive deformation: during stretching, cracks in the AgNW layer increase, hydrophilicity decreases, and directional water flow is blocked; during compression, gaps between fibers narrow, similarly sealing off the directional water flow (Fig. 12d, e), and this control process is reversible. In practical applications, SMP textiles can effectively protect the skin in hot environments. For instance, under the influence of hot air or hot water, the deformed textile can recover its original shape, preventing direct contact between the skin and high temperatures. Furthermore, when applied to human skin, this textile effectively blocks infrared radiation and rapidly removes sweat through directional water transport, thereby maintaining stable skin temperature, outperforming traditional cotton materials.
By applying an environmentally friendly process, a temperature/humidity dual-responsive nanocomposite (composed of temperature-responsive shape memory polyurethane SMPU and cellulose nanowhiskers CNW) was applied to six types of regenerated cellulose knitted fabrics: cotton, recycled cotton, viscose, modal, lyocell, and bamboo fiber, successfully endowing the fabrics with dynamic regulation capabilities. This material can alter its pore structure in response to temperature changes (e.g., air permeability increases by 355% at 40°C), while simultaneously leveraging the hydrophilic properties of nanowhiskers to enhance humidity responsiveness (air permeability increases by 86.7% at 65% humidity), achieving an intelligent regulation effect of "breathable at high temperatures and warm at low temperatures." Experiments revealed that modal and viscose fabrics exhibited optimal performance after treatment: at 40°C, the water vapor transmission rate reached 139.67%, while maintaining low bending stiffness, thus balancing comfort and functionality. Furthermore, the treated fabrics demonstrated excellent mechanical properties (bursting strength increased by 52.14%) and wash durability (weight loss of only 1.12% after 20 wash cycles), meeting the practical usage requirements for sportswear.[173]. This study, through nanocomposite technology, achieved dual temperature/humidity responsive functionality while preserving the original characteristics of the fabrics, laying an important foundation for the development of high-performance sportswear and protective clothing.

3.4 Aerospace field

Large space structures[175], such as solar panels, reflectors, and telescopes[176], are crucial for applications in space exploration[177]. These structures must be transported by spacecraft[178]; to save space, they must possess deployable characteristics[179], and the key to achieving this characteristic lies in high-performance actuators[180-181]. Shape memory polymers (SMPs), capable of recovering their original shape under external stimuli (such as temperature, light, electric fields, etc.) and offering advantages like lightweight and ease of programming, have emerged as highly promising actuator materials[182]. However, pure shape memory polymers exhibit poor mechanical properties, particularly low recovery force[183], which imposes certain limitations on their practical applications. Therefore, researchers often combine them with reinforcing fillers to form shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) to improve their performance. Although SMPCs enhance mechanical properties to some extent, traditional SMPC bending actuators still suffer from deficiencies in deformation capacity and recovery torque. While increasing the actuator's thickness can improve its recovery torque, this often leads to reduced deformation capacity and may trigger material failure, especially during cyclic processes requiring repeated deformation and recovery. Thus, how to improve recovery torque while maintaining high deformation capacity has become a significant challenge in current research. To overcome this issue, Kang et al. designed a dual-structure SMPC bending actuator (Figure 13). This innovative design integrates two new features: a multi-neutral-axis (MNA) skin and a deployable core structure, aiming to enhance the overall performance of the actuator. By embedding soft layers made of a mixture of polydimethylsiloxane and ethoxylated polyethyleneimine between hard SMPC layers (with a modulus difference exceeding five orders of magnitude), the multi-neutral-axis effect is utilized to reduce axial strain during bending, decreasing maximum compressive strain by 91% while maintaining a high recovery rate (98%–100%). This structure avoids fiber breakage and micro-buckling when thickness increases, significantly improving deformation capacity and outperforming previous SMPC bending actuators. After cyclic testing, the recovery torque decreased by only 8%, with the recovery rate remaining at a high level[174].
Shape memory polymers and their composites have become ideal materials for deployable structures in space exploration due to their advantages of fewer parts, light weight, and low cost. However, issues such as poor thermal stability and insufficient durability of these materials in the space environment limit their widespread application. To address this challenge, Jayalath et al.[176]synthesized a novel shape memory composite material (Figure 14a) by compounding graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) with glass fiber fabric (GF) and incorporating them into a shape memory polymer synthesized from bisphenol A cyanate ester monomer (BACE) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). This material exhibits excellent performance in withstanding multidirectional stress, extreme environments, and high-temperature thermomechanical stability. Researchers prepared GTX samples containing graphene nanoplatelets and NTX samples without graphene nanoplatelets, and conducted atomic oxygen exposure (Figure 14e), vacuum thermal aging, and other tests under different fiber layup configurations. The results show that the GTX shape memory polymer composites with added graphene nanoplatelets not only demonstrate superior shape recovery capabilities (Figure 14c, d), but also in the atomic oxygen exposure experiment (Figure 14b), they exhibited lower erosion levels and their chemical structure was not significantly affected, outperforming NTX. As mentioned above, this composite material possesses excellent properties and is suitable for space applications such as load-bearing components and deployable structures for orbital satellites.

3.5 Electronic components

Flexible electronic technology is developing rapidly[185], demonstrating huge application potential in various fields such as robotics, human-computer interaction, and health monitoring[186]. Common microstructure types in the sensing layer include pyramidal[187], columnar[188], hemispherical[189], and porous microstructures[190]. These primary microstructures can effectively improve sensor sensitivity[191], but achieving sensitivity exceeding 10 kPa-1 still remains a challenge. To address this issue, researchers have proposed the concept of hierarchical microstructures[192]. However, the manufacturing process of hierarchical microstructures often faces problems such as high complexity, low efficiency, and lack of controllability. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a technology with high precision, high efficiency, and precise morphological control to realize the fabrication of hierarchical microstructures. Due to their thermal shrinkage properties, shape memory polymers (SMPs) have attracted significant attention from numerous researchers. Meanwhile, laser technology has become an ideal tool for fabricating precise microstructures due to its high-precision processing capabilities. Based on this, Chen Rui et al.[184] attempted to induce SMP shrinkage via laser technology to achieve the fabrication of hierarchical microstructures. In the study, polystyrene (PS) was selected as the shape memory polymer, utilizing its reversible transition characteristics between the glassy and rubbery states (glass transition temperature approximately 100~110 °C) to achieve controlled shrinkage deformation through the laser thermal effect. This study used ultraviolet lasers to directly fabricate hierarchical microstructures on the SMP surface, which were then replicated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to obtain microstructures with protruding features. Finally, a conductive layer was added and assembled on this basis to fabricate a sensor. The sensitivity of this pressure sensor is as high as 15.05 kPa-1, exhibiting excellent linear correlation within the range of 0~200 kPa (R2=0.994), with a response time of 57 ms and a recovery time of 62 ms, capable of stably detecting human physiological signals (Fig. 15a~c) as well as grasping objects at different temperatures (Fig. 15d, e). The method of using lasers to induce SMP shrinkage for fabricating hierarchical microstructures effectively enhances the performance of flexible pressure sensors. This technology holds broad application prospects in fields such as medical monitoring[121]. Furthermore, the successful application of this technology provides new ideas for the development of high-performance flexible pressure sensors and brings innovative technical solutions to intelligent robots[193], wearable medical devices[194], and other fields.
Liang et al.[15]synthesized a novel near-infrared light-stimulated shape memory polymer (SMP) with a shape fixation rate exceeding 97.6% and a reversible strain of up to 17.2%, demonstrating excellent shape memory effects. By stretching the material and bonding it with aluminum foil, the researchers fabricated a bilayer laminated actuator and designed two light-driven switches (Figure 16a), further showcasing the broad application prospects of this material in the electronics field. Zhang Yanan et al.[127]successfully prepared CB-CNT-SMP (CC-SMP) composites by doping carbon black (CB) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) into shape memory polymers (SMP). The composite exhibited excellent rapid deformation capabilities, superior thermal stability, and shape memory performance. More importantly, the CC-SMP material possesses dual-response characteristics, enabling rapid responses to both temperature and electrical stimuli (Figure 16b). Leveraging these outstanding properties of the composite, the researchers successfully developed miniature sockets and high-performance pressure sensors (Figure 16c, d), fully demonstrating its application potential in the field of smart sensors.

3.6 Information Security

Information security and product anti-counterfeiting are increasingly important in modern society, especially in fields such as high-end manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, luxury goods, tickets, and certificates. Although traditional anti-counterfeiting technologies, such as barcodes, watermarks, and laser holographic labels, are widely used, they often become easy to forge as the technology matures, lacking sustained technical barriers. Shape memory polymers, due to their controllable shape transformation characteristics, provide new possibilities for information encryption, hiding, and dynamic display, holding broad prospects as a new generation of anti-counterfeiting technology and information encryption carriers. Qi et al.[195]prepared shape memory photonic crystals (SMPCs). Thanks to unique interchain hydrogen bond reconstruction mechanisms and Laplace pressure difference regulation, these photonic crystals exhibit shape memory performance and cyclic stability. The study reveals for the first time the application of such SMPCs: the first-level CSME (Confined shape memory effect) is triggered by water molecules reconstructing interchain hydrogen bonds, with the activated area recovering under ethanol vapor action and presenting color changes (Figure 17a); the second-level CSME involves pressure-induced hydrogen bond reorganization to lock the recovered skeleton (Figure 17b), and this effect was verified through swelling experiments and infrared spectroscopy to originate from the interaction between Laplace pressure differences and hydrogen bonds. Based on this, the study achieved the encoding, extraction, and enhancement of structural color patterns (Figure 17c, d), opening new pathways for nanophotonic applications such as signal amplification and information encoding. Li et al.[11]synthesized a shape memory polymer microcone doped with iron particles via laser ablation replication molding. This material allows control over the height of the microcones by adjusting laser parameters and achieves reversible adjustment between tilted and upright states using near-infrared light and magnetic fields. The study also found that tilted microcones exhibit anisotropic adhesion to droplets due to changes in the triple contact line (TCL) length, thereby enabling multifunctional manipulation such as unidirectional droplet transport, capture, and release. Furthermore, these microcones can be used for information encryption (Figure 17e), selective droplet release, and reusable temperature switches, providing a simple strategy for the development of multi-responsive smart devices. Ma et al.[196]developed an anthracene-functionalized styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS-CAN) 2D/3D anti-counterfeiting system to address forgery issues. This system integrates three core functions: physically unclonable self-wrinkling patterns, fluorescence properties, and shape memory (Figure 17f). By controlling the dimerization reaction of anthracene groups and pre-stretching operations via ultraviolet light, 2D information input regarding surface wrinkles and fluorescence can be achieved; moreover, this fluorescent information can be erased and rewritten multiple times under different UV irradiations, demonstrating strong durability. Through origami techniques under heating conditions, 2D information is encrypted into 3D structures, enhancing security and reducing cloning risks. During decryption, the 3D structure must first be heated to recover to a planar state, then stretched to a specific ratio before the 2D fluorescence and wrinkle information can be read. This system is simple to prepare, offers large information capacity, and is difficult to replicate, providing a new solution for high-security information carriers with broad application prospects in fields such as commodities and currency.

3.7 Building materials

As a widely used building material, concrete occupies an important position in various engineering projects due to its excellent strength and stability[197]. However, concrete is prone to cracking during use, which not only affects its structural performance but may also significantly reduce its durability[198]. To effectively address this issue, Maddalena et al.[199]developed a knotted shape memory polymer (k-SMP) fiber (Figure 18a) and investigated the effect of k-SMP fibers on concrete crack closure through a series of experiments. The researchers fabricated six specimens with an effective length of 100 mm (Figure 18b) featuring aligned fiber distribution (AD) (Figure 18c), as well as five specimens with an effective length of 55 mm featuring random fiber distribution (RD) (Figure 18d), and conducted crack closure tests. The experimental results showed that under heating conditions, the average crack closure rate for AD reached 77%, with some cracks completely closed; whereas the crack closure rate for RD specimens was 45%. This result demonstrates the great potential of k-SMP fibers in effectively reducing crack width, and indicates that fiber distribution and orientation have a significant impact on crack closure effectiveness. Specifically, due to the higher fiber content and more favorable fiber orientation in AD specimens, the crack closure effect was significantly superior to that of RD (Figure 18e). Upon heating, k-SMP fibers can also generate shrinkage stress, thereby further promoting crack closure. In addition, k-SMP fibers demonstrated significant crack bridging effects, which effectively improved the flexural toughness of the material. It is worth noting that after experiencing an initial decrease in bending capacity, the AD series also exhibited certain hardening behavior, implying that it can continue to provide stronger structural support during use. k-SMP fibers not only significantly improve the crack repair effectiveness of concrete but also enhance its toughness and durability. The application of this technology provides new insights for concrete crack repair and holds broad application prospects, especially in engineering fields requiring durability and strength.
Building energy consumption accounts for 40% of global energy use, and windows, as one of the least energy-efficient components in buildings, have become key to energy-saving improvements. Thermochromic smart windows, with their zero-energy characteristics, represent a highly attractive passive automatic switching energy-saving device. An ideal thermochromic smart window should maintain high visible light transmittance in both heating and cooling modes while achieving modulation in the near-infrared and mid-infrared bands, thereby effectively reducing building energy consumption; however, this goal remains challenging. Jiang et al.[200]The high-transmittance thermochromic smart window (HVTW) developed based on bidirectional shape memory polymers exhibits excellent optical regulation performance, maintaining over 50% visible light transmittance while achieving a 44.0% near-infrared modulation rate and a 76.5% mid-infrared modulation rate. This smart window enables regulation across the visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared bands, providing an innovative solution for building energy efficiency (Figure 19). It not only demonstrates superior near-infrared and mid-infrared modulation performance while maintaining high visible light transmittance but also possesses exceptional temperature regulation capability and stability, paving the way for the development of thermochromic windows in energy-efficient buildings and contributing to the achievement of global net-zero carbon goals.

4 Conclusion and Outlook

Although current SMPs have broad application prospects in many fields, their recovery rate tends to decline after multiple cycles. Most SMPs are prone to molecular chain scission or cross-linking failure after 5 to 8 cycles, resulting in a very limited lifespan. For scenarios requiring repeated deformation, the performance of existing SMPs is significantly constrained, greatly limiting their practical applications. Furthermore, achieving both high flexibility and high strength is challenging; most current SMPs cannot balance high toughness with high strength. High cross-linking density can enhance mechanical strength but restricts molecular chain movement, reducing deformability. Conversely, SMPs with low cross-linking density exhibit good flexibility but are prone to plastic deformation, making them difficult to bear mechanical loads.
Although shape memory polymer materials currently possess excellent reprocessability, light weight, low cost, good biocompatibility, and degradability, showing broad application potential in fields such as aerospace, smart textiles, biomedicine, and robotics, research on their applications remains limited to the fundamental stage. Their implementation in industrial applications still faces several challenges. Therefore, addressing these issues, the authors propose future prospects for promoting the translation of shape memory polymer materials from fundamental research to practical applications: For instance, SMPs may experience performance degradation during prolonged use, especially under high-temperature or extreme environmental conditions; ensuring their long-term stability is an urgent problem to be solved. Although SMPs exhibit good processability, controlling their performance stability and improving production efficiency in large-scale manufacturing remain technical difficulties, as existing production processes and equipment do not yet fully meet the demands of large-scale industrialization. The properties of shape memory polymer materials are significantly influenced by external stimuli; thus, achieving efficient response in multi-environment settings and ensuring stability in complex environments still require extensive research. Different application scenarios impose varying requirements on SMPs; consequently, how to meet specific needs by adjusting molecular structures, controlling phase transition temperatures, and enhancing characteristics such as electrical or thermal conductivity is key in applied research.
To promote the rapid application of shape memory polymer materials, it is essential to start from actual needs and address specific issues not yet covered in current fundamental research. This requires that research not remain confined to the theoretical and laboratory stages but also focus on industrial demands and market applications, such as developing SMPs capable of efficient response in broader environments. For instance, they should maintain stable shape recovery characteristics even under extreme temperatures and high humidity. With environmental problems becoming increasingly severe, making SMPs more environmentally friendly and biodegradable while reducing their harm to the environment has become another important research direction. Developing shape memory polymer materials with good biocompatibility and biodegradability can shine in fields such as medicine and environmental protection. Additionally, creating materials with dual properties of shape memory and both electrical and thermal conductivity enables their application in batteries and electronic devices; such materials can self-adjust their morphology in changing environments and work synergistically with other functional materials. As demand for customized products increases, the processability and customizable nature of shape memory polymer materials can provide personalized solutions for specific industries, particularly in aerospace, smart medical devices, and personalized textiles.
To promote the practical application of SMPs, more interdisciplinary collaboration is needed. The integration of multiple disciplines such as materials science, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, electronics, and medicine will lay the foundation for the industrialization of SMPs. For example, in robotics, combining artificial intelligence and sensor technology can enable adaptive changes in SMPs, allowing robots to alter their shapes and perform different functions according to varying task requirements.
In addition, during the industrialization process, cooperation between research institutions and enterprises is particularly important. Enterprises can provide actual market demands to promote the transformation of scientific research into applications, while research institutions can provide cutting-edge technologies to offer technical support for product innovation in enterprises.
In summary, shape memory polymer materials have enormous application prospects, but current research mostly remains at the basic stage. To achieve the transition from laboratory to practical application, the key lies in being guided by actual needs, closely integrating with industrial and market demands, and solving existing challenges in performance stability and production processes. With the joint efforts of more scientists and engineers, shape memory polymer materials will undoubtedly develop rapidly in many high-tech fields in the future, driving the advancement of related technologies and the development of applications.

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State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals， Dalian University of Technology(KF2411)

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