In recent years， viral infectious diseases have continued to pose threats to human health and public health security， making vaccination the preferred approach for preventing such diseases. The level of neutralizing antibodies produced after vaccination directly reflects the immunogenicity of vaccines and is closely associated with protective efficacy. Therefore， the detection of neutralizing antibodies is a critical step in evaluating vaccine effectiveness and immune protection. However， traditional methods for detecting neutralizing antibodies， such as PRNT， ELISA， and pseudovirus neutralization assays， generally suffer from limitations including complex procedures， reliance on high-level biosafety laboratories， low sensitivity， and lack of standardization. Nanomaterial-based sensors have emerged as a research hotspot to overcome these limitations. This review summarizes the research progress in five categories of nanosensors： rare-earth-doped upconversion nanoparticles （REEs-UCNPs）， quantum dots （QDs）， metal nanomaterials， metal oxides （MONs）， and carbon nanomaterials for the detection of neutralizing antibodies. The aim is to provide insights and a theoretical foundation for the development of novel nanomaterial-based technologies for neutralizing antibody detection， thereby potentially driving technological innovation and application advancements in this field.