Microplastics have become a global environmental and public health concern due to their complex sources， strong environmental persistence， and potential ecological and health risks. As the types of environmental samples continue to diversify and monitoring demands expand， achieving rapid and accurate detection of microplastics in complex matrices has emerged as a significant challenge. This paper systematically reviews recent advances in emerging sensing strategies for rapid microplastic detection， discussing the critical role of functional materials and interface design in enhancing detection performance. The review encompasses optical techniques， electrochemical methods， mass spectrometry， and detection approaches based on other physical domains. By comparing the detection mechanisms， applicable particle size ranges， information dimensions， and suitable scenarios of different technologies， their complementary roles in qualitative identification， quantitative analysis， and microplastic structural characterization can be clearly defined. Furthermore， the paper summarizes common challenges and research gaps in this field， discusses emerging trends in related technologies， and outlines future research directions. This aims to guide the translation of laboratory research outcomes into practical environmental monitoring and health risk assessment applications.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Novel sensing strategies for rapid detection of MPs

2.1 Optical sensing strategies

2.2 Electrochemical sensing strategies

2.3 Mass spectrometry and other physical field sensing strategies

3 Challenges and future outlook

3.1 Key challenges in rapid microplastic detection

3.2 Future development trends and technological outlook

4 Conclusion